Macrophage Polarization and Its Impact on Osteoporosis.

Owing to its reduced bone density and higher risk for fractures, osteoporosis remains an international public health crisis. Research highlights the essential role played by macrophage polarization in osteoporosis and indicates that the balance between pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages influences bone metabolism. This review examines how M1 and M2 macrophages contribute to the development of osteoporosis and evaluates existing therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling macrophage polarization. It also describes future study areas that will allow improved management and treatment of osteoporosis.