University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Chair for Physical Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Molecules. 2024 Sep 27;29(19):4590. doi: 10.3390/molecules29194590.
Nano- and micro-sized vesicular and colloidal structures mediate cell-cell communication. They are important players in the physiology of plants, animals, and humans, and are a subject of increasing interest. We investigated the effect of three surfactants, N-cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Triton X-100 (TX100), and two anionic polyelectrolytes, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) and sodium polymethacrylate (NaPMA), on nanoliposomes. In addition, the effect of SDS and TX100 on selected biological membranes (erythrocytes and microalgae) was investigated. The liposomes were produced by extrusion and evaluated by microcalorimetry and light scattering, based on the total intensity of the scattered light (), hydrodynamic radius (), radius of gyration (), shape parameter (=/), and polydispersity index. The EPs shed from erythrocytes and microalgae and were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The and values in POPC liposome suspensions with added CPC, SDS, and TX100 were roughly constant up to the respective critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of the surfactants. At higher compound concentrations, dropped towards zero, whereas increased to values higher than in pure POPC suspensions ( ≈ 60-70 nm), indicating the disintegration of liposomes and formation of larger particles, i.e., various POPC-S aggregates. Nanoliposomes were stable upon the addition of NaPSS and NaPMA, as indicated by the constant and values. The interaction of CPC, SDS, or TX100 with liposomes was exothermic, while there were no measurable heat effects with NaPSS or NaPMA. The SDS and TX100 increased the number density of EPs several-fold in erythrocyte suspensions and up to 30-fold in the conditioned media of at the expense of the number density of cells, which decreased to less than 5% in erythrocytes and several-fold in . The SDS and TX100 did not affect the number density of the microalgae , while the number density of EPs was lower in the conditioned media than in the control, but increased several-fold in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results indicate that amphiphilic molecules need to be organized in nanosized particles to match the local curvature of the membrane for facilitated uptake. To pursue this hypothesis, other surfactants and biological membranes should be studied in the future for more general conclusions.
纳米级和微级囊泡和胶体质粒介导细胞间通讯。它们是植物、动物和人类生理学中的重要参与者，也是日益受到关注的对象。我们研究了三种表面活性剂，十六烷基氯化吡啶（CPC）、十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）和 Triton X-100（TX100），以及两种阴离子聚电解质，聚苯乙烯磺酸钠（NaPSS）和聚甲基丙烯酸钠（NaPMA）对纳米脂质体的影响。此外，还研究了 SDS 和 TX100 对选定的生物膜（红细胞和微藻）的影响。通过挤出法制备脂质体，并根据散射光的总强度（）、水动力半径（）、回转半径（）、形状参数（= / ）和多分散指数进行微量量热法和光散射法评估。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察并通过流式细胞术（FCM）分析从红细胞和微藻中释放的 EPS 和 。在添加 CPC、SDS 和 TX100 的 POPC 脂质体悬浮液中，和 值在各自表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度（CMC）之前大致保持不变。在较高的化合物浓度下，值降至零，而 值增加到高于纯 POPC 悬浮液的值（≈60-70nm），表明脂质体的崩解和形成更大的颗粒，即各种 POPC-S 聚集体。加入 NaPSS 和 NaPMA 后，纳米脂质体稳定，和 值保持不变。CPC、SDS 或 TX100 与脂质体的相互作用是放热的，而与 NaPSS 或 NaPMA 则没有可测量的热效应。SDS 和 TX100 使红细胞悬浮液中 EPS 的数量密度增加了几倍，在 的条件培养基中增加了 30 倍，而细胞数量密度则降低到红细胞中小于 5%，降低到微藻中几倍。SDS 和 TX100 不影响微藻的数量密度，而 EPS 的数量密度在条件培养基中低于对照，但呈浓度依赖性增加几倍。我们的结果表明，两亲分子需要在纳米级颗粒中组织起来，以匹配膜的局部曲率，从而便于吸收。为了验证这一假设，未来应该研究其他表面活性剂和生物膜，以得出更普遍的结论。
