Comparison of Combined Dissipation Behaviors and Dietary Risk Assessments of Thiamethoxam, Bifenthrin, Dinotefuran, and Their Mixtures in Tea.

In the tea-planting process, insecticides are commonly combined, potentially prolonging the pre-harvest interval and heightening the risk of dietary exposure. This study focused on three frequently used insecticides in tea cultivation: thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, and dinotefuran, aiming to investigate their dissipation behaviors and associated dietary risks upon individual and simultaneous application. The dissipation kinetics of thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, and dinotefuran were successfully characterized by first-order kinetics, yielding respective half-lives of 5.44, 9.81, and 10.16 days. Upon joint application, the dissipation half-lives of thiamethoxam and bifenthrin were notably prolonged compared with their individual applications, resulting in final concentrations after 28 days that were correspondingly elevated by 1.41 and 1.29 times. Assessment of the dietary intake risk revealed that the chronic and acute risk quotients associated with thiamethoxam and bifenthrin escalated by 1.44-1.59 times following their combined application. Although dietary risks associated with Tianmuhu white tea, as determined by the exposure assessment model, were deemed acceptable, the cumulative risks stemming from pesticide mixtures across various dietary sources warrant attention. Molecular docking analyses further unveiled that thiamethoxam and bifenthrin competitively bound to glutathione S-transferase (GST) at amino acid residues, notably at the 76th GLU and the 25th PHE, pivotal in the metabolism and absorption of exogenous substances. Moreover, the interactions between P-glycoprotein and pesticides during transport and absorption were likely to influence dissipation behaviors post-joint application. This research offers valuable insights and data support for optimizing joint pesticide application strategies and assessing risks associated with typical pesticides used in tea cultivation.