Paterson Jenny L, Walters Mark A, Brown Rupert, Carrasco Diego
Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
University of Sussex, UK.
J Interpers Violence. 2025 Sep;40(17-18):4154-4180. doi: 10.1177/08862605241286455. Epub 2024 Oct 21.
Hate crimes send messages of intolerance that can cause significant emotional and behavioral harm to entire identity groups. Previous research, based on intergroup emotions theory, has helped explain the psychological mechanisms that underpin the indirect effects of anti-LGBT+ hate crime, showing that incidents give rise to perceptions of threat among community members, which in turn elicit certain emotional reactions that trigger specific behavioral outcomes. This article provides two significant contributions to this developing knowledgebase. First, it provides an important replication of the theoretical model with another frequently targeted community: Muslim people. In addition, it offers the first quantitative analysis of how combinations of different emotions trigger discrete behavioral responses in the aftermath of hate crime, thereby providing much-needed nuance to the intergroup emotions theory model. Across two studies (Study 1: = 589 LGBT+ participants; Study 2: = 347 Muslim participants), we show that, for both LGBT+ and Muslim participants, indirect experiences of hate crimes are associated with greater perceptions of threat, which are then positively associated with anger, anxiety, and shame, that link to behavioral intentions: avoidance, pro-action, security behaviors, and retaliation. Latent class analyses further revealed that participants' emotional reactions tend to cluster into four distinct profiles in both communities: people scored mid-range on all emotions, high anger with low shame, high anger with high anxiety, low shame. These combinations had direct implications for intended behaviors across both groups: experiencing high anger with high anxiety was a cogent motivator of action. Most significantly, we provide new insights into and different emotions interact to predict both similar and divergent behaviors in the aftermath of hate crime incidents. Our findings yield important new knowledge that holds the potential of shaping both public policies and practices aimed at addressing the impacts of hate crimes.
仇恨犯罪传递出不容忍的信息，可能会对整个身份群体造成严重的情感和行为伤害。以往基于群体间情绪理论的研究，有助于解释构成反 LGBT+ 仇恨犯罪间接影响的心理机制，表明此类事件会引发社区成员的威胁感，进而引发某些情绪反应，这些反应会触发特定的行为结果。本文对这一不断发展的知识库做出了两项重要贡献。首先，它用另一个经常成为目标的群体——穆斯林群体，对该理论模型进行了重要的复制。此外，它首次对不同情绪组合如何在仇恨犯罪后引发离散的行为反应进行了定量分析，从而为群体间情绪理论模型提供了急需的细微差别。在两项研究中（研究 1：N = 589 名 LGBT+ 参与者；研究 2：N = 347 名穆斯林参与者），我们表明，对于 LGBT+ 和穆斯林参与者来说，仇恨犯罪的间接经历都与更强的威胁感相关，而威胁感又与愤怒、焦虑和羞耻感呈正相关，这些情绪与行为意图相关联：回避、积极行动、安全行为和报复。潜在类别分析进一步揭示，两个群体的参与者的情绪反应往往会聚集成四种不同的类型：所有情绪得分中等的人、高愤怒低羞耻感的人、高愤怒高焦虑的人、低羞耻感的人。这些组合对两个群体的预期行为都有直接影响：高愤怒高焦虑是行动的有力动机。最重要的是，我们提供了关于不同情绪如何相互作用以预测仇恨犯罪事件后相似和不同行为的新见解。我们的研究结果产生了重要的新知识，有可能塑造旨在应对仇恨犯罪影响的公共政策和实践。
