Lee Y Z, O'Brien P J, Payne J F, Rahimtula A D
Environ Res. 1986 Feb;39(1):153-63. doi: 10.1016/s0013-9351(86)80017-2.
Microliter quantities of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) applied to the shell of fertile chick eggs during various stages of development induced cytochrome P-450 levels and mixed-function oxidase activities within the liver of the embryo. PBCO (5 microliter) applied on Day 11 of incubation was found to maximally induce within 24 hr embryo hepatic cytochrome P-450 levels (fourfold), naphthalene hydroxylase (sixfold), benzo[a]pyrene 3-hydroxylase (14-fold), and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (24-fold). Glutathione S-transferase was not induced. Crude oils are known to be highly toxic to avian embryos, especially during the early stages of development. The LD50 of PBCO and Hibernia crude oil applied to the egg shell on Day 8 of incubation was found to be 1.3 and 2.2 microliter, respectively. Mixed-function oxidase-dependent metabolism of crude oil components may be required for toxicity since administration of 20 micrograms of disulfiram in dioxane 1 hr prior to application of 1.3 microliter of PBCO reduced embryo mortality from 60 to 20%.
在胚胎发育的不同阶段，将微升量的普拉德霍湾原油（PBCO）涂抹在受精鸡蛋的蛋壳上，可诱导胚胎肝脏中的细胞色素P - 450水平和混合功能氧化酶活性。发现在孵化第11天涂抹PBCO（5微升），能在24小时内最大程度地诱导胚胎肝脏细胞色素P - 450水平（增至四倍）、萘羟化酶（增至六倍）、苯并[a]芘3 - 羟化酶（增至十四倍）和7 - 乙氧基异吩恶唑酮O - 脱乙基酶（增至二十四倍）。谷胱甘肽S - 转移酶未被诱导。已知原油对禽类胚胎具有高毒性，尤其是在发育早期。发现在孵化第8天涂抹在蛋壳上的PBCO和爱尔兰湾原油的半数致死剂量分别为1.3微升和2.2微升。由于在涂抹1.3微升PBCO前1小时给予20微克二硫仑（溶于二氧六环）可将胚胎死亡率从60%降至20%，因此原油成分的混合功能氧化酶依赖性代谢可能是毒性产生所必需的。
