Classification, biology and entomopathogenic fungi-based management and their mode of action against species (Diptera: Drosophilidae): a review.

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the classification, biology, and management of species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) with a focus on entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as a biocontrol strategy. species, particularly , and have emerged as significant pests in various agricultural systems, causing extensive damage to fruit crops. Understanding their taxonomic classification and biological traits is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This review delves into the life cycle, behavior, and ecological interactions of species, highlighting the challenges posed by their rapid reproduction and adaptability. The review further explores the potential of EPF as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. The mode of action of EPF against species is examined, including spore adhesion, germination, and penetration of the insect cuticle, leading to host death. Factors influencing the efficacy of EPF, such as environmental conditions, fungal virulence, and host specificity, are discussed in detail. By synthesizing current research, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the application of EPF and to identify future research directions for enhancing the effectiveness of EPF-based control measures against species.