University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, ICube UMR 7357, Strasbourg, France.
University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, ICube UMR 7357, Strasbourg, France; Pôle d'imagerie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Médecine, Maïeutique et Sciences de la Santé, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
Radiography (Lond). 2024 Oct;30(6):1655-1668. doi: 10.1016/j.radi.2024.09.063. Epub 2024 Oct 22.
Tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) are now essential reference objects for quality control, development and training in all medical imaging modalities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of materials used in the fabrication of TMMs for MRI phantoms, focusing on their composition, fabrication methods, and relaxation properties (T1 and T2).
A systematic review was conducted, covering articles published between 1980 and 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies involving physical MRI phantoms with measured T1 and T2 relaxation times. Exclusion criteria filtered out non-MRI studies, and digital/computational models.
The review identifies and categorizes TMMs based on their primary gelling agents: agar, carrageenan, gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and other less common gels. Agar emerged as the most frequently used gelling agent due to its versatility and favorable MRI signal properties. Carrageenans, noted for their strength and minimal impact on T2 values, are often used in combination with agar. Gelatin, PVA, and other materials like Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PolyvinylPyrrolidone (PVP) also demonstrate unique advantages for specific applications. The review also highlights the challenges in phantom stability and the impact of various additives on the relaxation properties.
This synthesis provides a valuable guide for the fabrication of MRI phantoms tailored to desired T1 and T2 relaxation times, facilitating the development of more accurate and reliable imaging tools. Understanding the detailed properties of TMMs is fundamental to improve the quality control and educational applications of MRI technologies, especially with the advent of new magnetic field strengths and parametric imaging techniques.
As experts in MRI systems, radiographers, educators, and researchers need to understand TMM compositions and methods of fabrications to develop MRI phantoms for educational tools and research purposes. This review serves as a valuable resource to guide them in these efforts.
组织模拟材料（TMM）现在是所有医学成像模式的质量控制、开发和培训的重要参考对象。本综述旨在全面综合用于 MRI 体模的 TMM 材料，重点介绍其组成、制备方法和弛豫特性（T1 和 T2）。
进行了系统综述，涵盖了 1980 年至 2023 年期间发表的文章。纳入标准包括涉及具有测量 T1 和 T2 弛豫时间的物理 MRI 体模的研究。排除标准筛选出非 MRI 研究和数字/计算模型。
该综述根据其主要胶凝剂对 TMM 进行了识别和分类：琼脂、卡拉胶、明胶、聚乙烯醇（PVA）和其他较少使用的凝胶。由于其多功能性和有利的 MRI 信号特性，琼脂成为最常用的胶凝剂。卡拉胶因其强度和对 T2 值的影响最小而经常与琼脂结合使用。明胶、PVA 和其他材料，如聚氯乙烯（PVC）和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP），也在特定应用中具有独特的优势。该综述还强调了幻影稳定性的挑战以及各种添加剂对弛豫特性的影响。
本综述为制备针对所需 T1 和 T2 弛豫时间的 MRI 体模提供了有价值的指南，有助于开发更准确和可靠的成像工具。了解 TMM 的详细特性是提高 MRI 技术的质量控制和教育应用的基础，特别是随着新磁场强度和参数成像技术的出现。
作为 MRI 系统的专家，放射技师、教育工作者和研究人员需要了解 MRI 体模的 TMM 组成和制造方法，以开发教育工具和研究目的的 MRI 体模。本综述为他们提供了有价值的资源。
