Goldman M E, Mindich B P
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Feb;7(2):374-82. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80508-3.
Intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiography is a new diagnostic and monitoring technique that provides immediate information, unavailable from routine hemodynamic measurements, on both myocardial and valvular function. The presence and severity of valvular regurgitation can be assessed from the visualized flow pattern of microbubbles generated by an injection of saline solution: reflux flow into the retrograde chamber represents valvular insufficiency. The extent of valvular regurgitation can be determined immediately after conservative valve repair (annuloplasty or commissurotomy) or replacement to avoid the patient's leaving the operating suite with significant but undetected valvular insufficiency. Additionally, intraoperative echocardiography permits rapid evaluation of left ventricular systolic and diastolic volumes and myocardial contractility, thereby facilitating therapeutic interventions in the operating room. It also permits assessment of congenital heart defects and the competency of their repair. Pulsed, continuous and color-flow real time Doppler imaging methods allow further intraoperative definition of stenotic and regurgitant lesions.
术中二维超声心动图是一种新的诊断和监测技术，它能提供常规血流动力学测量无法获得的关于心肌和瓣膜功能的即时信息。通过注射盐水溶液产生的微泡的可视化血流模式，可以评估瓣膜反流的存在和严重程度：反流回逆行腔室的血流代表瓣膜功能不全。在进行保守性瓣膜修复（瓣环成形术或交界切开术）或置换术后，可立即确定瓣膜反流的程度，以避免患者在未检测到明显瓣膜功能不全的情况下离开手术室。此外，术中超声心动图可以快速评估左心室的收缩和舒张容积以及心肌收缩力，从而便于在手术室进行治疗干预。它还可以评估先天性心脏缺陷及其修复的完整性。脉冲、连续和彩色血流实时多普勒成像方法可在术中进一步明确狭窄和反流病变。
