Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella 46, Budapest, 1064, Hungary.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
BMC Psychiatry. 2024 Oct 23;24(1):725. doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-06156-6.
Bernstein's heuristic model of personal strengths describes 16 positive attributes of the healthy adult self, grouped into four higher-order factors: self-directedness (identity, self-reflection, self-confidence, self-assertion, imagination/creativity), self-regulation (emotional balance, resilience, self-control, self-care, reality testing), connection (empathy, compassion, humour, responsibility), and transcendence (gratitude and wisdom). The study aimed to explore the factorial validity of Bernstein's Strengths Scale developed for the assessment of these constructs. Furthermore, we explored the association of strengths with attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms and mental health in a nonclinical sample using a network approach.
Five hundred and twenty-eight adults filled out an online questionnaire, including Bernstein's Strengths Scale (BSS), the Mental Health Continuum - Short Form (MHC-SF), and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS).
Though our data showed an acceptable fit to the 16-factor model, the Self-control subscale and item 28 of the Compassion subscale were excluded because of reliability issues. The final model with 15 factors and 44 items showed excellent fit, χ(797) = 1130.149, p < .001, RMSEA = 0.028, 90% CI [0.024, 0.032], SRMS = 0.049, CFI = 0.993, TLI = 0.991. Principal component analysis revealed three instead of four second-order factors. In the network model, Self-confidence and Wisdom emerged as the most influential nodes. ADHD symptoms were negatively connected to Responsibility, Self-care, Identity, Emotional balance, Self-confidence, and mental health, while they had positive edges with Humor, Self-reflection, and Imagination/creativity. Mental health was positively related to several strengths, with the strongest association being between mental health and Gratitude.
The BSS has acceptable factorial validity and is a reliable tool for assessing the personal strengths of the healthy adult self. ADHD symptoms in adults may be associated with deficits in personal strengths, but protective factors could also be identified. Addressing personal strengths in psychosocial interventions for ADHD in adults may improve patients' emotional well-being and everyday functioning.
伯恩斯坦的个人优势启发式模型描述了健康成年人自我的 16 种积极属性，分为四个高阶因素：自我导向（身份认同、自我反思、自信、自我主张、想象力/创造力）、自我调节（情绪平衡、韧性、自我控制、自我照顾、现实检验）、联系（同理心、同情心、幽默、责任感）和超越（感激和智慧）。本研究旨在探索为评估这些结构而开发的伯恩斯坦优势量表的因子有效性。此外，我们使用网络方法在非临床样本中探讨了优势与注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）症状和心理健康的关联。
528 名成年人在线填写了一份问卷，包括伯恩斯坦优势量表（BSS）、心理健康连续体-短表（MHC-SF）和成人 ADHD 自评量表（ASRS）。
尽管我们的数据显示出与 16 因素模型的可接受拟合，但由于可靠性问题，自我控制分量表和同情心分量表的第 28 项被排除在外。具有 15 个因素和 44 个项目的最终模型显示出极好的拟合度，χ(797)=1130.149，p<0.001，RMSEA=0.028，90%CI[0.024，0.032]，SRMS=0.049，CFI=0.993，TLI=0.991。主成分分析显示出三个而不是四个二阶因素。在网络模型中，自信和智慧成为最具影响力的节点。ADHD 症状与责任感、自我照顾、身份认同、情绪平衡、自信和心理健康呈负相关，而与幽默、自我反思和想象力/创造力呈正相关。心理健康与几个优势密切相关，最强的关联是心理健康与感恩之间的关联。
BSS 具有可接受的因子有效性，是评估健康成年自我个人优势的可靠工具。成年人的 ADHD 症状可能与个人优势缺陷有关，但也可以确定保护因素。在针对成年人 ADHD 的心理社会干预中解决个人优势问题，可能会改善患者的情绪幸福感和日常功能。
