Barbarisi Antonio, Visconti Valeria, Lauritano Dorina, Cremonini Francesca, Caccianiga Gianluigi, Ceraulo Saverio
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20100 Monza, Italy.
Private Practitioner, 20900 Monza, Italy.
Dent J (Basel). 2024 Oct 17;12(10):331. doi: 10.3390/dj12100331.
Alzheimer's disease is a slowly progressing neurodegenerative illness and the most common form of dementia. This pathology leads to an increase in cognitive decline and is responsible, in patients, for several difficulties in performing various activities of daily living, such as oral hygiene. Several experimental studies have shown that oral health in patients with Alzheimer's disease worsens in direct proportion to the progression of the disease due to the appearance of gingivitis and periodontitis.
This clinical literature review aims to evaluate a possible correlation between periodontal disease and Alzheimer's disease, trying to understand if the periopathogens can contribute to the onset or the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study was conducted on the database PubMed (MEDLINE) of full-text systematic reviews in English on humans and animals that were published in the last five years, from 2018 to 2023. This returned 50 publications, which, once the eligibility criteria were applied, resulted in the 10 publications examined in this review. The selected articles were organized through the construction of tables, analyzed, and compared through Judith Garrard's Matrix method to arrive at the review results.
Infection by periopathogens can increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, but also the onset of the latter can make it more difficult to maintain proper oral hygiene, favoring the onset of periodontal disease: it is possible to affirm the existence of a correlation between periodontitis and AD. It was found that patients exposed to chronic periodontitis have a greater risk of developing a cognitive decline or AD and that oral pathogens can be responsible for neuropathologies and increasing systemic inflammation.
Periodontitis and periodontal pathogens represent a real risk factor for the onset or worsening of AD; however, the pathogenetic mechanism is still not completely clear.
阿尔茨海默病是一种缓慢进展的神经退行性疾病，也是最常见的痴呆形式。这种病理状况会导致认知能力下降加剧，使患者在进行各种日常生活活动（如口腔卫生）时出现诸多困难。多项实验研究表明，由于牙龈炎和牙周炎的出现，阿尔茨海默病患者的口腔健康状况会随着疾病进展而直接恶化。
本临床文献综述旨在评估牙周疾病与阿尔茨海默病之间可能存在的相关性，试图了解牙周病原体是否会促成阿尔茨海默病（AD）的发病或进展。该研究在PubMed（MEDLINE）数据库上进行，检索了过去五年（2018年至2023年）以英文发表的关于人类和动物的全文系统综述。检索结果为50篇出版物，在应用纳入标准后，最终确定了本综述所研究的10篇出版物。通过构建表格对所选文章进行整理，采用朱迪思·加勒德矩阵法进行分析和比较，从而得出综述结果。
牙周病原体感染会增加患阿尔茨海默病的风险，而且阿尔茨海默病的发病也会使保持良好口腔卫生更加困难，进而促使牙周疾病的发生：可以肯定牙周炎与AD之间存在相关性。研究发现，患有慢性牙周炎的患者发生认知能力下降或患AD的风险更高，并且口腔病原体可能导致神经病理学变化并加剧全身炎症。
牙周炎和牙周病原体是AD发病或病情恶化的一个真正风险因素；然而，其发病机制仍不完全清楚。
