Brodie Tooth Development Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Oct 15;25(20):11092. doi: 10.3390/ijms252011092.
Mineralization is a key biological process that is required for the development and repair of tissues such as teeth, bone and cartilage. Exosomes (Exo) are a subset of extracellular vesicles (~50-150 nm) that are secreted by cells and contain genetic material, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biological substances that have been extensively researched for bone and oral tissue regeneration. However, Exo-free biomaterials or exosome treatments exhibit poor bioavailability and lack controlled release mechanisms at the target site during tissue regeneration. By encapsulating the Exos into biomaterials like hydrogels, these disadvantages can be mitigated. Several tissue engineering approaches, such as those for wound healing processes in diabetes mellitus, treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) and cartilage degeneration, repair of intervertebral disc degeneration, and cardiovascular diseases, etc., have been exploited to deliver exosomes containing a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic cargos to target tissues. Despite the significant efficacy of Exo-laden hydrogels, their use in mineralized tissues, such as oral and bone tissue, is very sparse. This review aims to explore and summarize the literature related to the therapeutic potential of hydrogel-encapsulated exosomes for bone and oral tissue engineering and provides insight and practical procedures for the development of future clinical techniques.
矿化是一个关键的生物学过程，对于牙齿、骨骼和软骨等组织的发育和修复是必需的。外泌体（Exo）是细胞分泌的一类细胞外囊泡（~50-150nm），其中包含遗传物质、蛋白质、脂质、核酸和其他生物物质，这些物质已广泛应用于骨骼和口腔组织再生的研究。然而，外泌体自由的生物材料或外泌体处理在组织再生过程中在靶部位表现出较差的生物利用度和缺乏控制释放机制。通过将外泌体封装到生物材料如水凝胶中，可以减轻这些缺点。几种组织工程方法，如糖尿病伤口愈合过程、骨关节炎（OA）和软骨退化、椎间盘退变和心血管疾病等的治疗，已被用于将含有各种治疗和诊断有效载荷的外泌体递送到靶组织。尽管载有外泌体的水凝胶具有显著的疗效，但它们在矿化组织（如口腔和骨骼组织）中的应用非常有限。本综述旨在探索和总结与水凝胶包封的外泌体在骨和口腔组织工程中的治疗潜力相关的文献，并为未来临床技术的发展提供见解和实用程序。
