Hwang Hee Sook, Lee Chung-Sung
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea.
Gels. 2024 Nov 23;10(12):762. doi: 10.3390/gels10120762.
Exosome-integrated hydrogels represent a promising frontier in bone tissue engineering, leveraging the unique biological properties of exosomes to enhance the regenerative capabilities of hydrogels. Exosomes, as naturally occurring extracellular vesicles, carry a diverse array of bioactive molecules that play critical roles in intercellular communication and tissue regeneration. When combined with hydrogels, these exosomes can be spatiotemporally delivered to target sites, offering a controlled and sustained release of therapeutic agents. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the development, engineering, and application of exosome-integrated hydrogels for bone tissue engineering, highlighting their potential to overcome current challenges in tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the review explores the mechanistic pathways by which exosomes embedded within hydrogels facilitate bone repair, encompassing the regulation of inflammatory pathways, enhancement of angiogenic processes, and induction of osteogenic differentiation. Finally, the review addresses the existing challenges, such as scalability, reproducibility, and regulatory considerations, while also suggesting future directions for research in this rapidly evolving field. Thus, we hope this review contributes to advancing the development of next-generation biomaterials that synergistically integrate exosome and hydrogel technologies, thereby enhancing the efficacy of bone tissue regeneration.
外泌体整合水凝胶是骨组织工程中一个很有前景的前沿领域，它利用外泌体独特的生物学特性来增强水凝胶的再生能力。外泌体作为天然存在的细胞外囊泡，携带多种生物活性分子，这些分子在细胞间通讯和组织再生中发挥着关键作用。当与水凝胶结合时，这些外泌体可以时空性地递送至靶位点，实现治疗剂的可控和持续释放。本综述旨在全面概述外泌体整合水凝胶在骨组织工程开发、工程设计及应用方面的最新进展，突出其克服组织再生当前挑战的潜力。此外，本综述还探讨了水凝胶中嵌入的外泌体促进骨修复的机制途径，包括炎症途径的调节、血管生成过程的增强以及成骨分化的诱导。最后，本综述阐述了现有挑战，如可扩展性、可重复性和监管考量，同时也为这一快速发展领域的未来研究方向提出了建议。因此，我们希望本综述有助于推动下一代生物材料的开发，这些生物材料能协同整合外泌体和水凝胶技术，从而提高骨组织再生的疗效。
