Interconnection of CD133 Stem Cell Marker with Autophagy and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer.

CD133 protein expression is observable in differentiated cells, stem cells, and progenitor cells within normal tissues, as well as in tumor tissues, including colorectal cancer cells. The CD133 protein is the predominant cell surface marker utilized to detect cancer cells exhibiting stem cell-like characteristics. CD133 alters common abnormal processes in colorectal cancer, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Autophagy is a cellular self-digestion mechanism that preserves the intracellular milieu and plays a dual regulatory role in cancer. In cancer cells, apoptosis is a critical cell death mechanism that can impede cancer progression. CD133 can modulate autophagy and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via several signaling pathways; hence, it is involved in the regulation of these intricate processes. This can be an explanation for why CD133 expression is associated with enhanced cellular self-renewal, migration, invasion, and survival under stress conditions in colorectal cancer. The purpose of this review article is to explain the complex relationship between the CD133 protein, apoptosis, and autophagy. We also want to highlight the possible ways that CD133-mediated autophagy may affect the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Targeting the aforementioned mechanisms may have a significant therapeutic role in eliminating CD133-positive stem cell-phenotype colorectal cancer cells, which can be responsible for tumor recurrence.