Coinfection of and Other Microorganisms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the intracellular protozoan , which has infected a third of the global population. Immunocompromised individuals and children with congenital disorders are most likely to be impacted by toxoplasmosis, and accurate diagnosis is essential. Toxoplasmosis is associated with HIV, schizophrenia, and diabetes. However, few studies have analyzed the association with other microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of coinfection of with other pathogens. From November 1997 to June 2024, PubMed, Science Direct, LAT index, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Research Gate were searched. The keywords used were " and microorganism coinfection", " coinfection and parasites", " coinfection and Protozoans or Bacteria or Helminths or Nematodes or Trematodes or Mycobacterium", " in coinfection with virus", and "Human Toxoplasmosis and coinfection". Next, OpenMeta Analyst Software version 12.11 was used for meta-analysis, creating forest plots, and determining heterogeneity I. A total of 17,535 patients in 48 articles, of whom 5848 were seropositive to , were included in this review. Population studies showed that the prevalence of virus infection was most frequent (32%), followed by parasites (18.4%), bacteria (29.7%), and fungi (5.8%). The pooled prevalence of coinfection was found to be 29.1%, with a lower bound of 0.232, an upper bound of 0.350, a standard error of 0.030, and < 0.001. Heterogeneity (I) was 99.12%, < 0.001, with a global variance tau2 = 0.042. is an opportunist that mainly affects immunocompromised populations. The main coinfections were found to be viral infections, with HIV ranking first, followed by cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C, rubella, herpes simplex 1 and 2, SARS-CoV-2, and coxsackie virus.