Anogianakis Georgios, Daios Stylianos, Topouzis Nikolaos, Barmpagiannos Konstantinos, Kaiafa Georgia, Myrou Athena, Ztriva Eleftheria, Tsankof Alexandra, Karlafti Eleni, Anogeianaki Antonia, Kakaletsis Nikolaos, Savopoulos Christos
First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Department of Emergency, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Life (Basel). 2024 Oct 1;14(10):1247. doi: 10.3390/life14101247.
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the developed world and a major cause of chronic disability, especially among the elderly population. The major biomarkers of stroke which are the most promising for predicting onset time and independently differentiating ischemic from hemorrhagic and other stroke subtypes are at present limited to a few. This review aims to emphasize on the prognostic role of S100 calcium-binding protein b (S100B), and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) in patients with stroke. An electronic search of the published research from January 2000 to February 2024 was conducted using the MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. The implementation of S100B and GFAP in existing clinical scales and imaging modalities may be used to improve diagnostic accuracy and realize the potential of blood biomarkers in clinical practice. The reviewed studies highlight the potential of S100B and GFAP as significant biomarkers in the prognosis and diagnosis of patients with stroke and their ability of predicting long-term neurological deficits. They demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and they correlate well with stroke severity and outcomes. Several studies also emphasize on the early elevation of these biomarkers post-stroke onset, underscoring their value in early diagnosis and risk stratification. The ongoing research in this field should aim at improving patient outcomes and reducing stroke-related morbidity and mortality by developing a reliable, non-invasive diagnostic tool that can be easily implemented in several healthcare settings, with the ultimate goal of improving stroke management.
中风是发达国家第三大死因，也是慢性残疾的主要原因，在老年人群中尤为如此。目前，对预测中风发病时间以及独立区分缺血性、出血性和其他中风亚型最具前景的主要生物标志物数量有限。本综述旨在强调S100钙结合蛋白b（S100B）和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）在中风患者中的预后作用。利用MEDLINE、Scopus和Cochrane数据库对2000年1月至2024年2月发表的研究进行了电子检索。将S100B和GFAP应用于现有的临床量表和成像模式中，可能有助于提高诊断准确性，并在临床实践中发挥血液生物标志物的潜力。综述的研究突出了S100B和GFAP作为中风患者预后和诊断的重要生物标志物的潜力，以及它们预测长期神经功能缺损的能力。它们在区分缺血性和出血性中风方面表现出高敏感性和特异性，并且与中风严重程度和预后密切相关。多项研究还强调了这些生物标志物在中风发作后早期升高，凸显了它们在早期诊断和风险分层中的价值。该领域正在进行的研究应致力于开发一种可靠、无创的诊断工具，这种工具能够在多种医疗环境中轻松应用，最终目标是改善中风管理，从而改善患者预后，降低中风相关的发病率和死亡率。
