Notarbartolo Samuele
Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
Vaccines (Basel). 2024 Sep 30;12(10):1126. doi: 10.3390/vaccines12101126.
The innate and adaptive immune systems collaborate to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, minimize the viral spread, and kill infected cells, ultimately leading to the resolution of the infection. The adaptive immune system develops a memory of previous encounters with the virus, providing enhanced responses when rechallenged by the same pathogen. Such immunological memory is the basis of vaccine function. Here, we review the current knowledge on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, focusing on the pivotal role of T cells in establishing protective immunity against the virus. After providing an overview of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we describe the main features of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, including cross-reactive T cells, generated in patients with different degrees of COVID-19 severity, and of Spike-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells induced by vaccines. Finally, we discuss T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants and hybrid immunity and conclude by highlighting possible strategies to improve the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination.
先天性免疫系统和适应性免疫系统协同作用，以检测新型冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染、减少病毒传播并杀死被感染细胞，最终使感染得到解决。适应性免疫系统会对先前接触过的病毒产生记忆，当再次受到同一病原体攻击时会产生更强的反应。这种免疫记忆是疫苗功能的基础。在此，我们综述了当前关于对SARS-CoV-2感染和疫苗接种的免疫反应的知识，重点关注T细胞在建立针对该病毒的保护性免疫中的关键作用。在概述了对SARS-CoV-2感染的免疫反应后，我们描述了SARS-CoV-2特异性CD4和CD8 T细胞的主要特征，包括在不同程度的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）严重程度患者中产生的交叉反应性T细胞，以及疫苗诱导的刺突蛋白（Spike）特异性CD4和CD8 T细胞。最后，我们讨论了T细胞对SARS-CoV-2变体的反应和混合免疫，并通过强调提高COVID-19疫苗效力的可能策略来得出结论。
