Department of Gastroenterology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, Beijing, China.
State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
BMC Public Health. 2024 Oct 29;24(1):2994. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-20512-x.
Gallstones are strongly associated with eating occasion (EO) and energy distribution, but few studies have addressed this aspect. Therefore, we utilize the data from 2017 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to explore the association between temporal eating patterns and energy distribution patterns with the incidence of gallstones.
Our study comprised participants who completed the NHANES dietary intake interview and self-reported health questionnaire at age 20 or older. The self-report method for gallstones (have you ever been told by a doctor) was used. We use the latent class analysis (LCA) identified temporal eating patterns, and identified energy distribution patterns through latent profile analysis (LPA). The association between temporal eating patterns, energy distribution patterns, and gallstones was examined using logistic regression modeling.
The study included a total of 4,692 participants. LCA identified four temporal eating patterns labeled as "Conventional," "Early breakfast," "Later breakfast," and "Grazing." Compared to the "Conventional" pattern, the "Early breakfast" pattern (OR 0.809, 95%CI 0.808-0.811) was associated with a reduced risk of gallstones, while the "Later breakfast" (OR 1.435, 95%CI 1.432-1.438) and "Grazing" (OR 1.147, 95%CI 1.145-1.148) patterns were associated with an increased risk of gallstones. LPA identified four energy distribution patterns labeled as "Guideline," "High carbohydrates," "Carbs-fat balance," and "High fat." The "High carbohydrates" pattern (OR 1.329, 95%CI 1.326-1.331) was associated with an increased risk of gallstones compared to the "Guideline" pattern. The "Carbs-fat balance" pattern (OR 0.877, 95%CI 0.876-0.879) and the "High fat" pattern (OR 0.848, 95%CI 0.846-0.850) were significantly and negatively associated with the risk of gallstones.
To summarize, inappropriate timing of eating and energy sources are associated with gallstones. As a dietary prevention measure for gallstones, we suggest adhering to a regular eating routine and avoiding overly casual and frequent food consumption. If the main EO routine occurs in the morning, this time should not exceed 9:00 a.m. Additionally, reducing carbohydrate intake and maintaining a moderate level of fat intake is believed to contribute to a lower risk of gallstones.
胆结石与饮食场合（EO）和能量分布密切相关，但很少有研究探讨这方面的问题。因此，我们利用 2017 年至 2018 年全国健康与营养调查（NHANES）的数据，探讨了时间性饮食模式和能量分布模式与胆结石发病之间的关系。
本研究纳入了完成 NHANES 膳食摄入访谈和 20 岁及以上自我报告健康问卷的参与者。使用自我报告的胆结石方法（曾被医生告知）。我们使用潜在类别分析（LCA）确定时间性饮食模式，并通过潜在剖面分析（LPA）确定能量分布模式。使用逻辑回归模型检验时间性饮食模式、能量分布模式与胆结石之间的关联。
本研究共纳入 4692 名参与者。LCA 确定了四种时间性饮食模式，分别标记为“常规”、“早早餐”、“晚早餐”和“随意进食”。与“常规”模式相比，“早早餐”模式（OR 0.809，95%CI 0.808-0.811）与胆结石风险降低相关，而“晚早餐”（OR 1.435，95%CI 1.432-1.438）和“随意进食”（OR 1.147，95%CI 1.145-1.148）模式与胆结石风险增加相关。LPA 确定了四种能量分布模式，分别标记为“指南”、“高碳水化合物”、“碳水化合物-脂肪平衡”和“高脂肪”。与“指南”模式相比，“高碳水化合物”模式（OR 1.329，95%CI 1.326-1.331）与胆结石风险增加相关。“碳水化合物-脂肪平衡”模式（OR 0.877，95%CI 0.876-0.879）和“高脂肪”模式（OR 0.848，95%CI 0.846-0.850）与胆结石风险显著负相关。
总之，不适当的进食时间和能量来源与胆结石有关。作为预防胆结石的饮食措施，我们建议遵循规律的进食时间，避免过于随意和频繁的进食。如果主要的进食时间在早上，那么这个时间不应超过 9:00 点。此外，减少碳水化合物的摄入和保持适度的脂肪摄入被认为可以降低胆结石的风险。
