Neuropsychology. 2024 Nov;38(8):727-739. doi: 10.1037/neu0000966.
Cross-culturally comparative data on measures of executive function (EF) are essential, but the 6-8-year group remains insufficiently described. This study examined the sociodemographic predictors of EF test performance employing the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB). It also compared developmental trends in EF among children from Uruguay, the United States, and Mexico.
EFs were assessed with the Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional shift, Spatial Span (SSP), and Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) tests from the CANTAB. The study sample consisted of 6-8-year-old children from the Salud Ambiental Montevideo (SAM) cohort in Uruguay. Differences between cohorts were examined, and we performed generalized linear regressions to assess the association between sociodemographic factors, and each EF domain.
The final sample consisted of 525 participants (mean age in months 82.5 ± 6.0). Across all ages, SAM children had significantly lower performance in the SSP and SOC tasks compared to U.S. and Mexican children. On the Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional shift task, SAM children had similar scores to U.S. and Mexican children. Mother's intelligence quotient (IQ; β = 0.01; 95% CI [0.005, 0.02]), child's IQ (0.02 [0.02, 0.03]), the HOME total score (0.02 [0.01, 0.03]), as well as HOME subscales of accompaniment (0.13 [0.07, 0.20]), enrichment (0.11 [0.06,0.16]), and physical environment (0.07 [0.03, 0.10]) were positively associated with the span length (SSP task). Child's IQ (0.02 [0.01,0.03]) was positively associated with the number of problems solved on the SOC test.
Uruguayan children perform lower in working memory and planning tests than U.S. children but similarly to Mexican children, while cognitive flexibility is consistent across all groups. Further, mother and child IQ, as well as the home environment, are important predictors of EF. These differences should be examined in the context of diverse cultural values and sociodemographic factors affecting CANTAB construct validity in this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
执行功能（EF）的跨文化比较数据至关重要，但 6-8 岁组的描述仍然不足。本研究使用剑桥神经心理测试自动化电池（CANTAB），研究了社会人口统计学预测因素对 EF 测试表现的影响。它还比较了来自乌拉圭、美国和墨西哥的儿童 EF 发展趋势。
EF 使用 CANTAB 的内-外维度转换、空间跨度（SSP）和剑桥袜子（SOC）测试进行评估。研究样本由乌拉圭蒙得维的亚环境健康（SAM）队列的 6-8 岁儿童组成。检查了队列之间的差异，并进行了广义线性回归，以评估社会人口统计学因素与每个 EF 领域之间的关联。
最终样本由 525 名参与者组成（平均年龄为 82.5±6.0 个月）。在所有年龄段，SAM 儿童在 SSP 和 SOC 任务中的表现明显低于美国和墨西哥儿童。在内外维度转换任务中，SAM 儿童的得分与美国和墨西哥儿童相似。母亲的智商（IQ）（β=0.01；95%CI [0.005, 0.02]）、儿童的 IQ（0.02 [0.02, 0.03]）、家庭环境总得分（0.02 [0.01, 0.03]）以及家庭环境的陪伴（0.13 [0.07, 0.20]）、丰富度（0.11 [0.06, 0.16]）和物理环境（0.07 [0.03, 0.10]）与跨度长度（SSP 任务）呈正相关。儿童的 IQ（0.02 [0.01, 0.03]）与 SOC 测试中解决问题的数量呈正相关。
与美国儿童相比，乌拉圭儿童在工作记忆和计划测试中的表现较低，但与墨西哥儿童相似，而认知灵活性在所有组中保持一致。此外，母亲和儿童的智商以及家庭环境是 EF 的重要预测因素。在考虑影响该人群 CANTAB 结构有效性的各种文化价值观和社会人口统计学因素的背景下，应检查这些差异。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2024 APA，保留所有权利）。
