Alginate Use in Orthopedics and Peripheral Nerve Repair: A Systematic Review.

The use of alginate, a derivative of seaweed, has been proposed for multiple orthopedic indications. We aimed to review the current use of alginate in orthopedics and to focus on the future applications of alginate for peripheral nerve repair. A comprehensive literature search was performed to identify biomechanical, laboratory, animal, and human studies where alginate has been utilized for orthopedic or nerve repair indications. A systematic review of orthopedic indications was conducted for safety and efficacy, and a specific focus was placed on alginate for use in peripheral nerve repair and reconstruction. Thirty-two studies were identified. Alginate has a strong history and safety profile for usage in orthopedic surgery. Its primary usage has been for the repair of articular cartilage, although it has also been used for disc regeneration of the lumbar spine and for cushioning joints in osteoarthritis. The primary indication in peripheral nerve repair is to create an environment that encourages Schwann cell migration and repair in nerve injuries while blocking fibrotic scar tissue formation by inhibiting the activity of fibroblasts. Alginate hydrogel may serve as a potential conduit for nerve regeneration in nerve injuries with small to medium-sized gaps.