Exploring Pathogenic Genes in Frozen Shoulder through weighted gene co-expression network analysis and Mendelian Randomization.

Frozen shoulder (FS) is characterized by the thickening and fibrosis of the joint capsule, leading to joint contracture and a reduction in joint volume. The precise etiology responsible for these pathological changes remains elusive. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to explore the potential involvement of pathogenic genes in FS and analyze their underlying roles in the disease progression. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were employed to investigate co-expressed genes potentially associated with FS. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were conducted to elucidate the potential roles of these co-expressed genes. Subsequently, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed using expression quantitative trait loci datasets for the co-expressed genes, combined with summary statistics from the genome-wide association study of FS, aiming to identify key genes causally associated with FS. The identified key genes were further validated through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Additionally, a nomogram model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were established to assess the diagnostic value of the hub genes. Furthermore, the infiltration of immune cells was evaluated using the CIBERSORT algorithm and the relationship between key genes and immune-infiltrating cells was analyzed. 295 overlapping co-expressed genes were identified by intersecting the differentially expressed genes with the hub genes obtained from associated modules identified through WGCNA. Utilizing MR analysis, four key genes, namely ADAMTS1, NR4A2, PARD6G and SMKR1, were found to exhibit positive causal relationships with FS, which were subsequently validated through RT-qPCR analysis. Moreover, the diagnostic value of these four key genes was demonstrated through the development of a nomogram model and the construction of ROC curves. Notably, a causal relationship between ADAMTS1 and immune cell infiltration in FS was observed. Our study suggested genetic predisposition to higher expression levels of ADAMTS1, NR4A2, PARD6G and SMKR1, was associated with an increased risk of FS. Further investigations elucidating the functional roles of these genes will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of FS and may facilitate the development of targeted treatment strategies.