Hand Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy; AOUC - Padiglione 25 CTO Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50139, Italy.
Hand Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy; AOUC - Padiglione 25 CTO Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50139, Italy.
Hand Clin. 2025 Feb;41(1):103-116. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2024.08.004. Epub 2024 Oct 18.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease for which the exact cause is unknown. It is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects such joints which allows free movement in different directions, but also has many other severe complications related to mortality. On the other hand, this disease is responsible for digital deformities, arising out of a combination of synovitis, intrinsic muscles, and extrinsic tendons impairment, ligament rupture, joint dislocation, and final ankylosis. Articular swelling due to synovial proliferation is the first manifestation, but later deformity, subluxation, instability, contracture, and ankyloses can be visible with joint degeneration. Rupture of the capsular and tendon often happens at the wrist. Intrinsic and extrinsic muscle contractures are associated with typical hand joint malalignment. Osteoarthritic involvement has changed with the introduction of biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARD).
类风湿关节炎（RA）是一种病因不明的炎症性疾病。它是一种自身免疫性疾病，主要影响那些允许向不同方向自由活动的关节，但也有许多其他与死亡率相关的严重并发症。另一方面，这种疾病会导致手指畸形，这是由滑膜炎、内在肌肉和外在肌腱损伤、韧带断裂、关节脱位和最终的关节强直的组合引起的。由于滑膜增生引起的关节肿胀是最初的表现，但随着关节退化，以后会出现畸形、半脱位、不稳定、挛缩和强直。腕关节处的囊和肌腱经常会发生破裂。内在和外在肌肉挛缩与典型的手部关节错位有关。随着生物疾病修正抗风湿药物（bDMARD）的出现，骨关节炎的参与已经发生了变化。
