Graph spiking neural network for advanced urban flood risk assessment.

Urban flooding significantly impacts city planning and resident safety. Traditional flood risk models, divided into physical and data-driven types, face challenges like data requirements and limited scalability. To overcome these, this study developed a model combining graph convolutional network (GCN) and spiking neural network (SNN), enabling the extraction of both spatial and temporal features from diverse data sources. We built a comprehensive flood risk dataset by integrating social media reports with weather and geographical data from six Chinese cities. The proposed Graph SNN model demonstrated superior performance compared to GCN and LSTM models, achieving high accuracy (85.3%), precision (0.811), recall (0.832), and F1 score (0.821). It also exhibited higher energy efficiency, making it scalable for real-time flood prediction in various urban environments. This research advances flood risk assessment by efficiently processing heterogeneous data while reducing energy consumption, offering a sustainable solution for urban flood management.