Co-management enhances social capital and recognition of protected area: Perspectives from indigenous rangers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Indigenous rangers play a critical role in achieving global biodiversity goals by facilitating effective conservation and community development. However, there is limited knowledge about rangers' livelihoods and responses to conservation policies. This study examined indigenous rangers' perceptions of livelihood impacts and attitudes toward national park management in Three-River-Source National Park (TRSNP). Utilizing a household questionnaire survey, data from 228 valid responses were analyzed. Results indicate that rangers had positive attitudes toward the impacts of TRSNP on their livelihood capitals, despite increased patrol costs. Since the establishment of TRSNP, average household income and the evenness of income sources have increased significantly, along with improved community relations, participation in public affairs and children's education. Rangers with higher incomes, better neighborhood relations, and a belief in increased conservation capacity held more positive views of national park management. In contrast, rangers who are older, those patrolling closer to home and with larger families expressed more negative feedback. This study adds new evidence on indigenous rangers' livelihood and their perceptions, and suggests the need to understand the impacts of biodiversity policies on indigenous and local rangers to achieve equitable and right-based conservation. Our findings emphasize the importance of inclusive and participatory approaches to enhance conservation and development goals, particularly for vulnerable demographic groups.