The Effect of High Levels Carbohydrate on Intestinal Microbiota, Metabolites, and Health of Common Carp ( L.).

Long-term consumption of high-carbohydrate feed may adversely affect intestinal health of fish; however, the underlying roles remain ambiguous. This study examined the effects of varying carbohydrate levels on the intestinal flora of common carp and assessed how microbial metabolites influence intestinal health. Two hundred seventy common carps were chosen and distributed randomly into three groups that fed diets containing starch at levels of 15% (low-carbohydrate diet [LCD]), 28% (medium-carbohydrate diet [MCD]), and 45% (high-carbohydrate diet [HCD]) for 60 days. A significant increase in final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate within the MCD group, while feed conversion ratio exhibited a decrease in comparison to the other groups ( < 0.05). Feeding with a HCD led to decreased activity of catalase and increased malondialdehyde content, which was consistent with reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis results ( < 0.05). Specifically, the RT-qPCR results revealed that HCD treatment significantly upregulated , , and transcript levels. Whereas, the messenger RNA (mRNA) was markedly reduced in comparison to the LCD group. Furthermore, the HCD group exhibited an increased abundance of , accompanied by a reduction in abundance, and also revealed an upsurge in opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, such as and . The correlation analysis demonstrated negative correlations of anti-inflammatory active substances such as fucoxanthin, (S)-reticuline, hecogenin, and uridine with , but positive correlations with . In summary, dietary carbohydrates might mediate intestinal flora to regulate their metabolites and affect intestinal inflammatory response.