Abdel-Raheem Sherief M, Abouelhassan Eman M, Mandour Mostafa, El-Ghareeb Waleed Rizk, Shawky Mohamed, Eltarabili Reham M
Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt.
Microb Pathog. 2025 Jan;198:107150. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107150. Epub 2024 Nov 23.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes a significant health concern because it promotes infectious mastitis in dairy animals and poses a hazard risk to humans. Controlling MRSA infections is a growing challenge on a global scale because of the bacteria's toxicity and its capacity to develop multidrug resistance (MDR). Combating against MDR bacteria and the spread of infectious diseases needs natural antibacterial alternatives to minimize the economic losses of mastitis. The average treatment cost in Egypt was highlighted. The antibacterial effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) against MDR-MRSA isolates was evaluated, also the study aimed at profiling antimicrobial resistance genes in MRSA isolates. The incidence of mastitis in cows was more than in buffaloes, and the average total treatment cost was estimated at 82 million EGP from 2016 to 2021 (around 14 million EGP annually). Of the 22 S. aureus isolates (20 %), of which (59.1 % were from cows and 40.9 % from buffaloes), 19 (86.4 %) were confirmed as MRSA. All MRSA isolates exhibited resistance to clindamycin (94.7 %), then both ampicillin and doxycycline (84.2 %), and ampicillin and sulbactam, erythromycin and Fosfomycin (each, 78.9 %). Vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin can be used to treat MRSA. The prevalence of MDR was significantly high, with 94.7 % of the cases having multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) indices ranging from 0.25 to 0.75. All MRSA isolates tested positive for mecA, 89.5 % for the blaZ gene, 84.2 % for tetM, and 73.4 % for ermB. In vitro, the antibacterial properties of ACV were demonstrated to be superior by our results which demonstrate a zone of inhibition with diameters ranging from 20 to 40 mm detected by Agar well diffusion technique and MIC's (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) ranging from 2 to 4 μg/ml. Some isolates possess MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration) values at the same MIC. This research proposes the potential of ACV to act as a promising antibacterial alternative against MRSA. This can help minimize the health problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and improve the efficiency of dairy farms. Further studies are recommended to determine the proper dosage for field administration.
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）是一个重大的健康问题，因为它会引发奶牛的感染性乳腺炎，并对人类构成危害风险。由于这种细菌的毒性及其产生多重耐药性（MDR）的能力，在全球范围内控制MRSA感染正成为一项日益严峻的挑战。对抗多重耐药细菌和传染病的传播需要天然抗菌替代品，以尽量减少乳腺炎造成的经济损失。文中强调了埃及的平均治疗成本。评估了苹果醋（ACV）对多重耐药MRSA分离株的抗菌效果，该研究还旨在分析MRSA分离株中的抗菌耐药基因。奶牛乳腺炎的发病率高于水牛，2016年至2021年的平均总治疗成本估计为8200万埃及镑（每年约1400万埃及镑）。在22株金黄色葡萄球菌分离株中（占20%），其中59.1%来自奶牛，40.9%来自水牛，19株（占86.4%）被确认为MRSA。所有MRSA分离株均对克林霉素耐药（94.7%），其次是氨苄西林和强力霉素（84.2%），以及氨苄西林和舒巴坦、红霉素和磷霉素（各占78.9%）。万古霉素、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星可用于治疗MRSA。多重耐药的患病率显著较高，94.7%的病例具有0.25至0.75的多重抗菌耐药（MAR）指数。所有测试的MRSA分离株mecA基因均呈阳性，blaZ基因阳性率为89.5%，tetM基因阳性率为84.2%，ermB基因阳性率为73.4%。在体外，我们的结果表明ACV的抗菌特性更优，通过琼脂孔扩散技术检测到其抑菌圈直径为20至40毫米，最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为2至4微克/毫升。一些分离株的最低杀菌浓度（MBC）值与MIC相同。本研究提出了ACV作为一种有前景的抗MRSA抗菌替代品的潜力。这有助于最大限度地减少抗生素耐药细菌的健康问题，并提高奶牛场的效率。建议进一步研究以确定现场给药的合适剂量。
