Lavriša Živa, Pravst Igor, Krušič Sanja, Hren Neža, Gregorič Nadan, Hren Irena, Koroušić Seljak Barbara, Hristov Hristo
Nutrition Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Front Nutr. 2024 Nov 11;11:1423658. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1423658. eCollection 2024.
Older adults living in nursing homes (NHs) are considered a vulnerable population in terms of nutrition. The aim of the present study was to explore the usual intake of energy, macronutrients, and specific food groups, along with offers in the NH menus on a nationally representative sample of Slovenian NH residents and compare dietary patterns with the established recommendations.
The study was conducted as part of a cross-sectional NutriCare study on 317 residents (65-101 years) from 20 Slovenian NHs in 9 health regions. Relatively independent residents were selected using quota sampling by sex and age. Data collection involved interviews and anthropometric measurements. Usual dietary intake was assessed by a multiple-source method from two 24-h dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires. Adherence of dietary intake to the recommendations and dietary composition of NH menus were assessed. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was used to explore nutritional status.
Notable variability in energy and macronutrient intakes was observed with some participants showing intakes below and others above the recommended values. A high prevalence of BMI > 30 kg/m was observed in 39% of participants, indicating potential discrepancies between total energy intake and expenditure. The usual intake of fat was 36% of total energy intake (TEI). The intake of foods of animal origin exceeded dietary guidelines. Intake of carbohydrates (46% TEI in men and 47% TEI in women) as well as dietary fibre (20 g/day for both sexes) was below recommendations. A scarce intake of fruits, vegetables, and cereals was observed. In total, 40% of men and 35% of women had usual daily protein intakes lower than 1 g/kg of body weight. The protein content of breakfast and dinner could be improved. NH residents consumed little food from outside NH. The usual nutrient and food group intakes of residents reflected the NH menu offers.
The study results on the usual intake of energy, macronutrients, specific food groups, and offers in the NH menus indicate the potential for optimisation. According to the World Health Organisation, the prevalence of BMI > 30 kg/m is notable and warrants attention. Careful meal planning and regular monitoring of the nutritional status of NH residents should be considered.
就营养而言，居住在养老院（NHs）的老年人被视为弱势群体。本研究的目的是探讨斯洛文尼亚养老院居民全国代表性样本的能量、宏量营养素和特定食物组的通常摄入量，以及养老院菜单中的供应情况，并将饮食模式与既定建议进行比较。
该研究作为NutriCare横断面研究的一部分，对来自9个健康地区20所斯洛文尼亚养老院的317名居民（65 - 101岁）进行。采用按性别和年龄的配额抽样方法选取相对独立的居民。数据收集包括访谈和人体测量。通过来自两次24小时饮食回忆和食物频率问卷的多源方法评估通常饮食摄入量。评估饮食摄入量对建议的依从性以及养老院菜单的饮食组成。使用微型营养评定法（MNA）来探究营养状况。
观察到能量和宏量营养素摄入量存在显著差异，一些参与者的摄入量低于建议值，而另一些则高于建议值。39%的参与者BMI > 30 kg/m²的患病率较高，表明总能量摄入与消耗之间可能存在差异。脂肪的通常摄入量占总能量摄入（TEI）的36%。动物源性食物的摄入量超过了饮食指南。碳水化合物的摄入量（男性为46% TEI，女性为47% TEI）以及膳食纤维的摄入量（男女均为20克/天）低于建议值。观察到水果、蔬菜和谷物的摄入量很少。总体而言，40%的男性和35%的女性通常每日蛋白质摄入量低于1克/千克体重。早餐和晚餐的蛋白质含量可以提高。养老院居民从院外摄入的食物很少。居民通常的营养素和食物组摄入量反映了养老院菜单的供应情况。
关于能量、宏量营养素、特定食物组的通常摄入量以及养老院菜单供应情况的研究结果表明存在优化的潜力。根据世界卫生组织的数据，BMI > 30 kg/m²的患病率较高，值得关注。应考虑精心的膳食计划和对养老院居民营养状况的定期监测。
