Departament of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil.
Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
Toxins (Basel). 2024 Nov 15;16(11):492. doi: 10.3390/toxins16110492.
Mycotoxins are toxic fungi secondary metabolites that develop on feedstuffs and can be transferred into milk, thus representing a public health risk. The objective of this study was to assess the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the diet and in the milk of dairy cows from the southeast region of Brazil. Samples of total mixed ration (TMR, = 70) and milk ( = 70) were collected in dairy farms and subjected to multi-mycotoxin analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), and T-2 and HT-2 toxins were not detected in TMR samples. In contrast, fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON) were detected in 100, 93, and 24% of TMR samples at mean levels of 336.7 ± 36.98, 80.32 ± 16.06 µg/kg and 292.1 ± 85.68 µg/kg, respectively. Ninety-two percent of TMR samples exhibited co-occurring mycotoxins. In milk, 54% of samples ( = 38) had detectable levels of mycotoxin, while 43% ( = 30) contained two or more types of mycotoxins. DON, FB, and ZEN metabolites (α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol) were the most frequent mycotoxins detected in the milk samples analyzed, at mean concentrations of 0.562 ± 0.112, 2.135 ± 0.296 µg/kg, 2.472 ± 0.436 µg/kg, and 0.343 ± 0.062 µg/kg, respectively. However, none of the analyzed milk samples had levels higher than the maximum permitted limit for AFM in Brazil (0.5 µg/L). The results of this trial highlight the concern about the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in TMR and in milk, due to the possible additive or synergistic effects of these compounds. The presence of co-occurring mycotoxins in milk underscores the need for stringent preventive practices to avoid mycotoxin contamination in the diet of dairy cows in Brazil.
真菌毒素是在饲料上生长的有毒真菌的次级代谢物，可转移到牛奶中，从而构成公共健康风险。本研究的目的是评估巴西东南部奶牛饲料和牛奶中真菌毒素的共同发生情况。从奶牛场采集了总混合日粮（TMR，n=70）和牛奶（n=70）样本，并使用液相色谱-串联质谱法对多真菌毒素进行了分析。TMR 样本中未检测到黄曲霉毒素（AFs）、赭曲霉毒素 A（OTA）和 T-2 和 HT-2 毒素。相比之下，TMR 样本中有 100%、93%和 24%检测到伏马菌素（FBs）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON），其平均水平分别为 336.7±36.98µg/kg、80.32±16.06µg/kg和 292.1±85.68µg/kg。92%的 TMR 样本显示出真菌毒素的共同存在。在牛奶中，54%的样本（n=38）检测到真菌毒素水平，而 43%（n=30）含有两种或两种以上类型的真菌毒素。在分析的牛奶样本中，DON、FB 和 ZEN 代谢物（α-玉米赤霉烯醇和β-玉米赤霉烯醇）是最常见的真菌毒素，平均浓度分别为 0.562±0.112µg/kg、2.135±0.296µg/kg、2.472±0.436µg/kg和 0.343±0.062µg/kg。然而，没有一个分析的牛奶样本的水平高于巴西规定的黄曲霉毒素 M1 最大允许限量（0.5µg/L）。本试验的结果强调了对 TMR 和牛奶中多种真菌毒素共同存在的关注，因为这些化合物可能具有相加或协同作用。牛奶中存在共同存在的真菌毒素突显了巴西奶牛饲料中必须采取严格的预防措施，以避免真菌毒素污染。
