Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 Nov 16;60(11):1881. doi: 10.3390/medicina60111881.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common medical conditions in pregnancy, with adverse effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Evidence suggests a beneficial effect of plant-based dietary patterns, rich in foods derived from plant sources and low in animal foods, on type 2 diabetes; however, their effects on GDM remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between pre-pregnancy provegetarian food patterns and the incidence of GDM in a Spanish cohort. This subsample of the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort analyzed 3589 Spanish university graduate pregnant women with a mean (standard deviation) age of 28 (±4.3) who were initially free of pre-existing diabetes at baseline. Dietary food consumption was evaluated through a validated, 136-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The pre-pregnancy provegetarian food pattern was obtained by assigning positive scores to plant-based food groups and reverse scores to animal food groups. Energy-adjusted quintiles were applied to allocate points to construct the provegetarian food pattern, ranging from 12 to 60 points. Logistic regression models were performed to estimate the odds ratios (OR) of GDM across quintiles of a pre-pregnancy provegetarian food pattern, using the lowest quintile as the reference category. We identified 178 incidence cases of GDM. Women in the highest quintile (Q5) of provegetarian food pattern before pregnancy exhibited a 42% relative reduction in the odds of GDM [adjusted OR (95% CI) Q5 vs. Q1: 0.58 (0.35, 0.97); p-trend = 0.109]. Higher consumption of meat and dairy before pregnancy was associated with a significantly increased risk of GDM [adjusted OR (95% CI) Q5 vs. Q1: 1.94 (1.19, 3.16); p-trend = 0.005] and [adjusted OR (95% CI) Q5 vs. Q1: 1.77 (1.07, 2.94); p-trend = 0.082], respectively. Higher pre-pregnancy consumption of a provegetarian food pattern was associated with a lower risk of developing GDM in Spanish women. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）是妊娠期间最常见的医学病症之一，对母婴结局有不良影响。有证据表明，富含植物性食物来源且动物源性食物含量低的植物性饮食模式对 2 型糖尿病有有益影响；然而，它们对 GDM 的影响尚不清楚。我们旨在研究西班牙队列中孕前植物性饮食模式与 GDM 发生率之间的关联。SUN 队列的这个亚组分析了 3589 名西班牙大学毕业的孕妇，平均（标准差）年龄为 28（±4.3）岁，基线时均无糖尿病前期。通过验证的、包含 136 项的半定量食物频率问卷评估膳食食物消耗。孕前植物性饮食模式通过对植物性食物组给予正分，对动物性食物组给予负分来获得。采用能量调整五分位数将分数分配到构建植物性饮食模式中，范围从 12 分到 60 分。使用最低五分位数作为参考类别，通过逻辑回归模型估计孕前植物性饮食模式五分位数与 GDM 发生几率的比值比（OR）。确定了 178 例 GDM 发病病例。在怀孕前处于植物性饮食模式最高五分位数（Q5）的女性中，GDM 的发生几率相对降低了 42%[调整后的 OR（95%CI）Q5 与 Q1：0.58（0.35，0.97）；p 趋势=0.109]。怀孕前肉类和奶制品的摄入量较高与 GDM 的风险显著增加相关[调整后的 OR（95%CI）Q5 与 Q1：1.94（1.19，3.16）；p 趋势=0.005]和[调整后的 OR（95%CI）Q5 与 Q1：1.77（1.07，2.94）；p 趋势=0.082]。孕前植物性饮食模式的摄入量较高与西班牙女性患 GDM 的风险降低相关。需要进一步的研究来证实这些发现。
