Mukasheva Fariza, Adilova Laura, Dyussenbinov Aibek, Yernaimanova Bota, Abilev Madi, Akilbekova Dana
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
Department of Analytical, Colloid Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024 Nov 12;12:1444986. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1444986. eCollection 2024.
Scaffold porosity is a critical factor in replicating the complex microenvironment, directly influencing cellular interactions, migration, nutrient transfer, vascularization, and the formation of functional tissues. For optimal tissue formation, scaffold design must account for various parameters, including material composition, morphology, mechanical properties, and cellular compatibility. This review highlights the importance of interconnected porosity and pore size, emphasizing their impact on cellular behavior and tissue formation across several tissue engineering domains, such as skin, bone, cardiovascular, and lung tissues. Specific pore size ranges enhance scaffold functionality for different tissues: small pores (∼1-2 µm) aid epidermal cell attachment in skin regeneration, moderate pores (∼2-12 µm) support dermal migration, and larger pores (∼40-100 µm) facilitate vascular structures. For bone tissue engineering, multi-layered scaffolds with smaller pores (50-100 µm) foster cell attachment, while larger pores (200-400 µm) enhance nutrient diffusion and angiogenesis. Cardiovascular and lung tissues benefit from moderate pore sizes (∼25-60 µm) to balance cell integration and nutrient diffusion. By addressing critical design challenges and optimizing pore size distributions, this review provides insights into scaffold innovations, ultimately advancing tissue regeneration strategies.
支架孔隙率是复制复杂微环境的关键因素，直接影响细胞相互作用、迁移、营养物质传递、血管化以及功能组织的形成。为实现最佳的组织形成，支架设计必须考虑各种参数，包括材料组成、形态、力学性能和细胞相容性。本综述强调了相互连通的孔隙率和孔径的重要性，着重阐述了它们在多个组织工程领域（如皮肤、骨骼、心血管和肺组织）对细胞行为和组织形成的影响。特定的孔径范围可增强不同组织的支架功能：小孔径（约1-2微米）有助于皮肤再生中表皮细胞的附着，中等孔径（约2-12微米）支持真皮迁移，而较大孔径（约40-100微米）则有利于血管结构的形成。对于骨组织工程，具有较小孔径（50-100微米）的多层支架可促进细胞附着，而较大孔径（200-400微米）则可增强营养物质扩散和血管生成。心血管和肺组织受益于中等孔径（约25-60微米），以平衡细胞整合和营养物质扩散。通过应对关键的设计挑战并优化孔径分布，本综述为支架创新提供了见解，最终推动组织再生策略的发展。
