Alzan Heba F, Mahmoud Mona S, Suarez Carlos E
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
Front Vet Sci. 2024 Nov 13;11:1484787. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1484787. eCollection 2024.
Parasite infections transmitted by vectors such as ticks and blood-sucking arthropods pose a significant threat to both human and animal health worldwide and have a substantial economic impact, particularly in the context of worsening environmental conditions. These infections can manifest in a variety of symptoms, including fever, anemia, jaundice, enlarged spleen, neurological disorders, and lymphatic issues, and can have varying mortality rates. In this review, we will focus on the current state of available vaccines, vaccine research approaches, and trials for diseases caused by vector-borne blood parasites, such as , , , and , in farm animals. Control measures for these infections primarily rely on vector control, parasiticidal drug treatments, and vaccinations for disease prevention. However, many of these approaches have limitations, such as environmental concerns associated with the use of parasiticides, acaricides, and insecticides. Additionally, while some vaccines for blood parasites are already available, they still have several drawbacks, including practicality issues, unsuitability in non-endemic areas, and concerns about spreading other infectious agents, particularly in the case of live vaccines. This article highlights recent efforts to develop vaccines for controlling blood parasites in animals. The focus is on vaccine development approaches that show promise, including those based on recombinant antigens, vectored vaccines, and live attenuated or genetically modified parasites. Despite intensive research, developing effective subunit vaccines against blood stage parasites remains a challenge. By learning from previous vaccine development efforts and using emerging technologies to define immune mechanisms of protection, appropriate adjuvants, and protective antigens, we can expand our toolkit for controlling these burdensome diseases.
蜱虫和吸血节肢动物等病媒传播的寄生虫感染对全球人类和动物健康构成重大威胁，并产生巨大的经济影响，尤其是在环境条件不断恶化的背景下。这些感染可表现出多种症状，包括发热、贫血、黄疸、脾脏肿大、神经紊乱和淋巴问题，且死亡率各不相同。在本综述中，我们将重点关注家畜中由病媒传播的血液寄生虫（如 、 、 和 ）引起的疾病的现有疫苗状况、疫苗研究方法和试验。这些感染的控制措施主要依赖于病媒控制、杀寄生虫药物治疗和疾病预防疫苗接种。然而，这些方法中的许多都有局限性，例如与使用杀寄生虫剂、杀螨剂和杀虫剂相关的环境问题。此外，虽然一些血液寄生虫疫苗已经可用，但它们仍然有几个缺点，包括实用性问题、在非流行地区不适用以及对传播其他传染病原体的担忧，特别是对于活疫苗而言。本文重点介绍了最近为开发控制动物血液寄生虫的疫苗所做的努力。重点是显示出前景的疫苗开发方法，包括基于重组抗原、载体疫苗以及减毒活疫苗或基因改造寄生虫的方法。尽管进行了深入研究，但开发针对血液阶段寄生虫的有效亚单位疫苗仍然是一项挑战。通过借鉴以往的疫苗开发经验，并利用新兴技术来确定保护的免疫机制、合适的佐剂和保护性抗原，我们可以扩展控制这些繁重疾病的工具包。
