School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2024 Nov 8;29(11):377. doi: 10.31083/j.fbl2911377.
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis, ensuring a balanced immune response. Tregs primarily operate in an antigen-specific fashion, facilitated by their distinct distribution within discrete niches. Tregs have been studied extensively, from their point of origin in the thymus origin to their fate in the periphery or organs. Signals received from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) stimulate Tregs to dampen inflammation. Almost all tumors are characterized by a pathological abundance of immune suppression in their microenvironment. Conversely, the lack thereof proves detrimental to immunological disorders. Achieving a balanced expression of Tregs in relation to other immune compartments is important in establishing an effective and adaptable immune tolerance towards cancer cells and autoantigens. In the context of cancer, it is essential to decrease the frequency of Tregs to overcome tumor suppression. A lower survival rate is associated with the presence of excessive exhausted effector immune cells and an increased frequency of regulatory cells. However, when it comes to treating graft rejection and autoimmune diseases, the focus lies on immune tolerance and the transfer of Tregs. Here, we explore the complex mechanisms that Tregs use in human disease to balance effector immune cells.
调节性 T 细胞（Tregs）在维持免疫稳态中起着至关重要的作用，确保了免疫反应的平衡。Tregs 主要以抗原特异性的方式发挥作用，这得益于它们在离散龛位中的独特分布。Tregs 的研究已经非常深入，从它们在胸腺中的起源到在外周或器官中的命运。抗原呈递细胞（APCs）传递的信号刺激 Tregs 抑制炎症。几乎所有的肿瘤都具有其微环境中病理性的免疫抑制过度丰富的特征。相反，缺乏免疫抑制会对免疫紊乱造成损害。在与其他免疫细胞区室相关的情况下实现 Tregs 的平衡表达对于建立针对癌细胞和自身抗原的有效和适应性免疫耐受至关重要。在癌症的背景下，降低 Tregs 的频率对于克服肿瘤抑制至关重要。过高的耗竭效应免疫细胞和调节性细胞的频率与较低的生存率相关。然而，在治疗移植物排斥和自身免疫性疾病时，重点在于免疫耐受和 Tregs 的转移。在这里，我们探讨了 Tregs 在人类疾病中用于平衡效应免疫细胞的复杂机制。
