Rogowski Mateusz, Zawilińska Bernadetta, Hibner Joanna
Department of Tourism and Recreation, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Krygowskiego 10, 61-680, Poznań, Poland.
Department of Social and Economic Geography, Krakow University of Economics, Rakowicka 27, 31 510, Kraków, Poland.
J Environ Manage. 2025 Jan;373:123430. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123430. Epub 2024 Nov 29.
Overtourism results in pressure exerted on the natural environment, negative impacts on local communities and lower tourist satisfaction in many protected areas (PAs). This phenomenon has become an increasingly important issue in the management of national parks (NPs) in Poland, especially the mountain ones. Countering and alleviating the effects of overtourism requires developing appropriate management strategies based on the detailed analysis of tourism monitoring data. Having recognized this need, a research was conducted to develop methodology for analyzing daily visitors in NPs (methodological objective), to identify regularities characteristic for visitor flow in mountain NPs in Poland (cognitive objective), and to present the usefulness of monitoring studies in developing effective strategies aimed at tourist traffic management in NPs and their surrounding areas (application objective). The availability of data allowed conducting analyses for three national parks: The Pieniny NP (PNP), The Stołowe Mountains NP (SMNP) and The Tatra NP (TNP). The analyses covering the period 2017-2022 revealed a strong intensification of visitor flow and a growing problem of overtourism in the analyzed areas, primarily in TNP. An increase in maximum daily values, the number of days showing these values, and intensified tourist traffic off-high season were found. Using Daily Visitor Index and Seasonality Index, high-, mid-, and low seasons were identified, including the similarities in traffic seasonality between PNP and SMNP, along with the different nature of TNP, where the winter season was additionally separated. Using the Monthly Visitor Index and Gini coefficient, the long-term variation analysis revealed a reduction in the seasonality of tourism resulting from higher intensity of visits off summer season, in particular the extension of mid-seasons. Due to the growing number of high season visitors and the increasing visitor flow, it is necessary to implement time-limit measures at specific locations and activities aimed at temporal and spatial tourist traffic dispersion. The study shows the development process of overtourism in NPs. It also gives indications that the uneven spatial distribution of visitor flow determines the need for diagnosing overtourism in places and periods with the highest visitation intensity. Such a diagnosis is essential for effective tourism management in NPs and supports decision-making processes for the development of surrounding localities.
过度旅游给自然环境带来压力，对当地社区产生负面影响，并导致许多保护区（PA）的游客满意度降低。在波兰，这一现象已成为国家公园（NP）管理中一个日益重要的问题，尤其是山区国家公园。应对和缓解过度旅游的影响需要基于对旅游监测数据的详细分析制定适当的管理策略。认识到这一需求后，开展了一项研究，旨在开发分析国家公园每日游客的方法（方法目标），确定波兰山区国家公园游客流量的特征规律（认知目标），并展示监测研究在制定旨在管理国家公园及其周边地区游客流量的有效策略方面的实用性（应用目标）。数据的可获取性使得能够对三个国家公园进行分析：皮耶宁国家公园（PNP）、斯托洛韦山国家公园（SMNP）和塔特拉国家公园（TNP）。涵盖2017 - 2022年期间的分析表明，在所分析的地区，游客流量显著增加，过度旅游问题日益严重，主要是在塔特拉国家公园。发现每日最高值、出现这些值的天数增加，以及旅游淡季的游客流量加剧。通过使用每日游客指数和季节性指数，确定了高、中、低季节，包括皮耶宁国家公园和斯托洛韦山国家公园游客流量季节性的相似性，以及塔特拉国家公园不同的性质，其中冬季季节被额外划分出来。使用月度游客指数和基尼系数，长期变化分析显示，由于夏季以外季节游客访问强度增加，旅游业季节性有所降低，特别是中季节的延长。由于旺季游客数量不断增加以及游客流量不断上升，有必要在特定地点和活动实施限时措施，以实现游客流量在时间和空间上的分散。该研究展示了国家公园过度旅游的发展过程。它还表明，游客流量的空间分布不均决定了需要在访问强度最高的地点和时期诊断过度旅游。这种诊断对于国家公园有效的旅游管理至关重要，并支持周边地区发展的决策过程。
