Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20, 00-653, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Processes and Products Eco-Engineering, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 27, 26-600, Radom, Poland.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Feb;30(10):27483-27500. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-24197-w. Epub 2022 Nov 16.
In Poland, mountain national parks are visited by about 8 million tourists annually. As a result, national parks must have a properly developed infrastructure to accommodate such a large number of people. Tourism development in mountain national parks satisfies the needs of tourist participants and should increase the attractiveness of the area, fit into the cultural concepts of a given region, and promote its development. The research aims to determine the consequences of making mountain national parks available in Poland and determine the factors determining the attractiveness of the protected area and the related tourist burden. Nine mountain national parks located in Poland were selected for the research. An interview was conducted with employees of mountain national parks concerning (a) the tourist burden on the national park, (b) the tourist management of the national park and its surroundings, and (c) the impact of tourist traffic on the natural environment. Parameters characterizing the intensity and spatial character of tourist traffic, tourist management, and the influence of tourist traffic on the natural environment of mountain national parks are discussed. The study presents the parameters determining: tourist traffic density, tourist route density, and tourist traffic intensity. A map of the development of the surroundings of national parks was presented, and its influence on tourist traffic was determined. The obtained results were discussed in the context of the consequences of tourist traffic in mountain national parks. The result of the work was the development of a map of the tourist load of mountain national parks in Poland. Tourism is of crucial importance for the proper functioning of national parks. However, if not properly cultivated, it threatens the fauna and flora of such areas. Rational use of natural resources by tourists visiting mountain national parks is crucial to maintain the balance between man and nature. Proper supervision and management in the national park, as well as the collective responsibility of tourists visiting national parks and the community living in their vicinity, is of fundamental importance for the proper functioning of the system in national parks and nearby tourist destinations.
在波兰，每年约有 800 万游客游览山地国家公园。因此，国家公园必须有适当发展的基础设施来容纳如此大量的游客。山地国家公园的旅游发展满足了游客的需求，应该增加该地区的吸引力，融入特定地区的文化观念，并促进其发展。本研究旨在确定在波兰开放山地国家公园的后果，并确定决定保护区吸引力和相关旅游负担的因素。选择了波兰的九个山地国家公园进行研究。对山地国家公园的员工进行了访谈，内容涉及：（a）国家公园的游客负担，（b）国家公园及其周边地区的游客管理，以及（c）游客交通对自然环境的影响。讨论了表征游客交通强度和空间特征、游客管理以及游客交通对山地国家公园自然环境影响的参数。该研究提出了确定以下参数：游客交通密度、游客路线密度和游客交通强度。还展示了国家公园周边发展的地图，并确定了其对游客交通的影响。根据山地国家公园游客交通的后果，对获得的结果进行了讨论。该工作的结果是开发了波兰山地国家公园游客负担地图。旅游对国家公园的正常运作至关重要。然而，如果管理不当，它会威胁到这些地区的动植物。游客在游览山地国家公园时合理利用自然资源，对于维持人与自然之间的平衡至关重要。国家公园内的适当监督和管理，以及访问国家公园的游客和附近社区的集体责任，对于国家公园和附近旅游目的地系统的正常运行至关重要。
