Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, 39100000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica de Campinas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Anal Chim Acta. 2025 Jan 2;1333:343243. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343243. Epub 2024 Sep 13.
Paracetamol or acetaminophen (APAP), or acetaminophen, is a widely used medication for pain relief and fever reduction due to its analgesic and antipyretic properties. However, excessive APAP consumption can lead to severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, posing overdose risks. Consequently, the development of analytical methods for an accurate and rapid detection of APAP in biological matrices is of great interest in the health-related fields. Electrochemical methods have emerged as efficient, cost-effective, and sensitive tools for APAP detection in biological samples. In the light of the reported insights, this review examines critically diverse electrochemical methods for PAR detection in different biological matrices, including serum, urine, oral fluid, and sweat.
The claimed benefits of chemically-modified electrodes towards the selective determination of paracetamol in such complex sample matrices are discussed. On the other hand, the possible use of unmodified carbon-based electrodes combined with flow methods is highlighted as an alternative that can find relevance in the analysis of biological fluids suspected of PAR overdose occurring in the forensic scenario. Furthermore, the details regarding the distinct techniques and working electrodes for APAP determination are presented, compared and discussed in separate sections for each biological sample (serum, urine, and oral fluid). Another aspect herein debated is the selective determination of APAP in the presence of electroactive drugs naturally found in biological samples, as uric acid, and ascorbic acid, are evaluated. In addition, we have discussed and emphasized the significance of matrix selection to ensure precise results, especially in potential overdose scenarios.
This review article provides a critical discussion on the development of electroanalytical methods for biological fluids, with relevance to the fields of clinical analysis and forensics.
对乙酰氨基酚（APAP）或醋氨酚是一种广泛使用的药物，具有镇痛和解热作用，可用于缓解疼痛和降低体温。然而，过量服用 APAP 会导致严重的肝毒性和肾毒性，存在用药过量的风险。因此，开发用于准确、快速检测生物基质中 APAP 的分析方法在与健康相关的领域具有重要意义。电化学方法已成为生物样品中 APAP 检测的有效、经济且敏感的工具。有鉴于此，本综述批判性地考察了用于不同生物基质（包括血清、尿液、口腔液和汗液）中 PAR 检测的各种电化学方法。
讨论了化学修饰电极在复杂样品基质中选择性测定对乙酰氨基酚的优势。另一方面，强调了未修饰的碳基电极与流动方法结合的可能用途，这可能是分析法医学场景中疑似 PAR 用药过量的生物流体的一种替代方法。此外，还分别针对血清、尿液和口腔液等每种生物样本，介绍了不同技术和工作电极用于 APAP 测定的详细信息，并进行了比较和讨论。本文还讨论并强调了选择基质以确保准确结果的重要性，特别是在潜在用药过量的情况下。
本文综述了用于生物流体的电分析方法的开发，涉及临床分析和法医学领域。
