Unveiling spatio-temporal mysteries: A quest to decode India's Dengue and Malaria trend (2003-2022).

Dengue and malaria are two mosquito-borne diseases that are dangerous globally, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. In India, these two diseases pose severe health issues as they account for 74.37 % of the total vector-borne disease burden in the country. The present study examined the spatio-temporal patterns of prevalence of dengue and malaria across all states in India. Data related to epidemiological statistics were obtained from the Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI) and the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) for 2003-2017 and 2018-2022, respectively. In this study, we have utilized the Mann-Kendall test, Modified Mann-Kendall test, Sens's slope, Innovative trend analysis, and Percent Bias for trend analysis. Furthermore, a hotspot analysis was conducted to compare and examine the evolving patterns of these diseases over space and time. The Mann-Kendall test showed a significant increase in dengue cases throughout India, with Sen's slope showing the fastest growth in Punjab. West Bengal exhibited the most significant ITA slope increase. The PBIAS slope showed a gradual rise from the southern to the northern and north-eastern states. Mann-Kendall results indicated a statistically significant decline in malaria cases, dropping mostly in Odisha, followed by the northern, southern, and north-eastern states. Only Mizoram displayed an insignificant upward trend in malaria cases. Hotspot analysis revealed that dengue fever hotspots expanded in India's central, western, and northern regions, affecting 66.72 % of the country, whereas significant coldspots remain unchanged. Malaria hotspots covered 47.46 % of north-eastern, eastern coastal, and northern areas, while coldspots almost remained unchanged. This study provides valuable insights for health authorities to prioritize and identify the regions that need immediate intervention regarding these two mosquito-borne diseases.