Microbial degradation of polyethylene polymer: current paradigms, challenges, and future innovations.

Polyethylene (PE) is the second most commonly used plastic worldwide, mainly used to produce single-use items such as bags and bottles. Its significant resistance to natural biodegradation results in the accumulation of PE in landfills, leading to various ecological and toxicological consequences. Despite extensive research on the microbial degradation of PE, achieving complete biodegradation remains a challenge. Comparing experimental outcomes is complicated by the diverse array of microbes involved in PE biodegradation, variations in culture conditions, and differences in assessment tools. This review discusses the critical hurdles in PE biodegradation experiments, including the chemical complexity of PE substrates and the challenges of isolating effective microbes and forming stable consortia. The review also delves into the difficulties in accurately assessing microbial metabolic activity and understanding the biochemical pathways involved in PE degradation. Furthermore, it addresses the pressing issues of metabolic byproducts, slow degradation rates, scalability concerns, and the challenges in measuring biodegradation levels effectively. In addition to outlining the technical challenges associated with PE experiments, this review offers recommendations for future research directions to enhance PE biodegradation outcomes. Overcoming these challenges and implementing the proposed future strategies will improve the reliability, comparability, and practicality of current PE biodegradation experiments, ultimately contributing to better comprehension and management of PE waste in the environment.