Co-evolution of glioma and immune microenvironment.

Glioma evolution is governed by a multitude of dynamic interactions between tumor cells and heterogenous neighboring, non-cancerous cells. This complex ecosystem, termed the tumor microenvironment (TME), includes diverse immune cell types that have gained increasing attention for their critical and paradoxical roles in tumor control and tumorigenesis. Recent work has revealed that the cellular composition and functional state of immune cells in the TME can evolve extensively depending on the tumor stage and intrinsic features of surrounding glioma cells. Concurrently, adaptations to the glioma cellular phenotype, including activation of various cellular states, occur in the context of these immune cell alterations. In this review, we summarize important features of the immune TME that play key roles during each stage of glioma progression, from initiation to immune escape, invasion and recurrence. Understanding the complex interplay between tumor and immune cells is critical for the development of effective immunotherapies for glioma treatment.