Tamoor Muhammad, Bhatti Abdul Rauf, Farhan Muhammad, Rasool Akhtar, Sherefa Abdulkerim
Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Botswana, UB0061, Gaborone, Botswana.
Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 4;14(1):30197. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81826-9.
The optimal integration of Photovoltaic (PV) systems into an electric grid is dependent upon the total output power of the PV system. To optimize the output power of a PV system, the modules must be positioned at an optimal tilt angle (OTA) to maximize the absorption of solar radiations. This research focused on a mathematical model to optimize incident solar radiation. The proposed model is used to determine the OTA and evaluate its impact on the optimum configuration and power output capacity using MATLAB for six cities located in different temperature zones across Pakistan. The isotropic and anisotropic models have been used to calculate the total solar radiations (H) on a sloped surface. During the summer season, all four selected models present similar findings in terms of the monthly average daily solar radiations on the tilted surface. During the winter season, the anisotropic models performed better than the isotropic models. The anisotropic model achieved a 14.82% energy increase in January and a 0.16% increase in June compared to the isotropic model. We present monthly and annual OTA calculated from the anisotropic model. The OTA has been determined for the H across slope values ranging from 0° to 90° with a 1° resolution. The monthly OTA using anisotropic model for the Faisalabad, Lahore, Multan, RYK, Islamabad and Karachi ranges from 7° to 54°, 7° to 53°, 6° to 52°, 5° to 52°, 10° to 58° and 1° to 50° and the annual OTA for cities has been calculated to be 30.5°, 30.25°, 29.33°, 28.66°, 33.34° and 25.5° respectively. Utilizing the OTA calculated from the selected model, a PV array with a rated power of 52.200 kW has been used to analyze the system performance. The annual average output power at the monthly OTA results in gains of 8.83%, 9.40%, 9.78%, 9.77%, 9.82%, and 9.91% compared to the annual OTA. This research study is particularly beneficial for researchers and the industry in deploying PV systems across different climatic zones of Pakistan, intending to maximize output power while minimizing energy costs.
光伏（PV）系统与电网的优化集成取决于光伏系统的总输出功率。为了优化光伏系统的输出功率，光伏组件必须以最佳倾斜角度（OTA）放置，以最大限度地吸收太阳辐射。本研究聚焦于一个用于优化太阳辐射入射量的数学模型。所提出的模型用于确定OTA，并使用MATLAB针对巴基斯坦不同温度区的六个城市评估其对最佳配置和功率输出容量的影响。已使用各向同性和各向异性模型来计算倾斜表面上的总太阳辐射量（H）。在夏季，就倾斜表面上的月平均日太阳辐射量而言，所有四个选定模型呈现出相似的结果。在冬季，各向异性模型的表现优于各向同性模型。与各向同性模型相比，各向异性模型在1月份实现了14.82%的能量增加，在6月份实现了0.16%的增加。我们展示了根据各向异性模型计算得出的月和年OTA。已针对从0°到90°、分辨率为1°的不同坡度值的H确定了OTA。使用各向异性模型得出的费萨拉巴德、拉合尔、木尔坦、拉希姆亚尔汗、伊斯兰堡和卡拉奇的月OTA范围分别为7°至54°、7°至53°、6°至52°、5°至52°、10°至58°和1°至50°，并且已计算出这些城市的年OTA分别为30.5°、30.25°、29.33°、28.66°、33.34°和25.5°。利用从选定模型计算得出的OTA，一个额定功率为52.200千瓦的光伏阵列已被用于分析系统性能。与年OTA相比，月OTA下的年平均输出功率分别提高了8.83%、9.40%、9.78%、9.77%、9.82%和9.91%。这项研究对于研究人员和行业在巴基斯坦不同气候区部署光伏系统特别有益，旨在在将能源成本降至最低的同时最大化输出功率。
