Low-loss skimming waveguides with controllable mode leakage for on-chip saturable absorbers.

Emerging 3D photonic circuits would greatly benefit from the ability to integrate skimming waveguides with low loss and controllable inscription depth into photonic circuits. These waveguides allow for the interaction of guiding light directly with external modulation signals and enable programmable photonic circuits. Here, we report the fabrication of a novel photonic-lattice-like skimming waveguide (PLLSW) using femtosecond laser writing. Our method enables fine control of cross-sectional symmetry and writing depth of waveguides, achieving a minimum depth of 1 μm and a low insertion loss of 1 dB. Based on the PLLSW, we demonstrate on-chip light modulation by designing an evanescent-field-type saturable absorber through the coupling of a carbon nanotube film with the PLLSW, which exhibits saturation intensity from 20 to 200 MW/cm through the balanced twin-detector measurement. The strong nonlinear optical response of the PLLSW-based saturable absorber is further exploited to drive a Q-switched pulse laser at 1550 nm based on a fiber laser cavity. Our work demonstrates an effective method to integrate nonlinear optical materials into a glass chip for all-optical switching based on 3D waveguides, which holds great potential for the construction of large-scale programmable photonic circuits in the future.