Fatima Atiya, Ul-Islam Mazhar, Yasir Sumayia, Khan Shaukat, Manan Sehrish, Shehzad Adeeb, Ahmad Md Wasi, Al-Shannaq Refat, Islam Salman Ul, Abbas Yawar, Subhan Fazli, Sabour Amal Abdullah A, Alshiekheid Maha A, Ullah Muhammad Wajid
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dhofar University, Salalah 211, Oman.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dhofar University, Salalah 211, Oman.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Jan;287:138433. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138433. Epub 2024 Dec 6.
This study presents the ex situ development and characterization of bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes loaded with bioactive Sage and Neem extracts for enhanced antimicrobial applications. Utilizing discarded fruit waste as a cost-effective carbon source, BC production was optimized, yielding membranes with improved properties. Neem and Sage extracts, obtained via Soxhlet extraction, exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.125 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL, respectively, for Neem extract, and 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL for Sage extract. These extracts (20 wt%) were successfully incorporated into BC membranes ex situ, resulting in BC-Neem (BC-N) and BC-Sage (BC-S) composites. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the chemical interactions between the extracts and the BC matrix, revealing the introduction of new functional groups and enhancing the composite properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated changes in morphology, indicating deeper penetration and attachment of the extracts within the BC structure. Quantitative analysis of water holding capacity demonstrated that BC-N and BC-S absorbed about 90 times water of their dry weight. Antibacterial assays through the colony-forming unit method showed that BC-N significantly inhibited S. aureus growth by 78 % and E. coli by 51 %, while BC-S exhibited a 48 % reduction against S. aureus. Agar disc-diffusion assay showed the formation of inhibition zones of 1.2 cm and 0.1 cm by BC-N against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, in contrast to 0.2 cm and no inhibition by BC-S composite. These results highlight the potential of bioactive plant extract-loaded BC membranes as effective antimicrobial agents, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional materials in medical and food packaging applications.
本研究展示了负载生物活性鼠尾草和印楝提取物的细菌纤维素（BC）膜的非原位开发与表征，以增强抗菌应用。利用废弃水果废料作为经济高效的碳源，优化了BC的生产，得到了性能改进的膜。通过索氏提取获得的印楝和鼠尾草提取物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌表现出显著的抗菌活性，印楝提取物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为3.125毫克/毫升和25毫克/毫升，鼠尾草提取物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为25毫克/毫升和50毫克/毫升。这些提取物（20重量%）成功地非原位掺入BC膜中，得到了BC-印楝（BC-N）和BC-鼠尾草（BC-S）复合材料。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）证实了提取物与BC基质之间的化学相互作用，揭示了新官能团的引入并增强了复合材料的性能。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示了形态变化，表明提取物在BC结构内的渗透更深且附着更牢固。持水能力的定量分析表明，BC-N和BC-S吸收的水分约为其干重的90倍。通过菌落形成单位法进行的抗菌试验表明，BC-N对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长有显著抑制作用，抑制率为78%，对大肠杆菌的抑制率为51%，而BC-S对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长抑制率为48%。琼脂扩散法显示，BC-N对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌形成的抑菌圈分别为1.2厘米和0.1厘米，相比之下，BC-S复合材料形成的抑菌圈为0.2厘米且对大肠杆菌无抑制作用。这些结果突出了负载生物活性植物提取物的BC膜作为有效抗菌剂的潜力，为医疗和食品包装应用中的传统材料提供了一种可持续的替代方案。
