Physicians' acceptance and adoption of mobile health applications during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of mobile health applications in the management of health crises. Despite the promising outcomes of these technologies, however, their acceptance and use among physicians in the developing world such as Saudi Arabia are notably low. The study aimed to explore the factors influencing the acceptance and adoption of mobile health applications by physicians in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study employed a qualitative research method, guided by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The study collected data through semi-structured interviews with 16 physicians to delve into the determinants of their readiness to adopt m-health technologies. Data were analysed using template analysis to identify key themes and patterns. In line with the UTAUT, the study identified performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions as significant influencing factors of the acceptance and adoption of mobile health applications by physicians in Saudi Arabia during the pandemic. This study also inquired into context-specific determinants, such as data privacy concerns, patient engagement, organisational support and compatibility with religious and cultural norms, which are especially relevant in Saudi Arabia and similar developing countries, where these factors, alongside the exigencies arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, have shaped the landscape of mobile health applications utilisation. This study enriches the literature by expanding the UTAUT model to include context-specific drivers of acceptance and adoption. It highlights the need for tailored adoption frameworks to fit local contexts for successful m-health integration. This research broadens the UTAUT model by including cultural compatibility and data privacy concerns, offering deeper insights into mHealth adoption during crises. It highlights the need for policies and practices that support culturally sensitive app design, strengthen data privacy measures and provide improved training and patient engagement to enhance mHealth adoption.