How has co-design been used to address vaccine hesitancy globally? A systematic review.

Improving vaccine confidence is a topic of major public health importance. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy are multifactorial, making it challenging to find strategies to address them. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the literature on how co-design has been used to reduce vaccine hesitancy. We searched six databases in March and October 2024. Eligible studies described the co-design process used to develop interventions for addressing vaccine hesitancy and increasing vaccine confidence. We assessed the quality of included studies, extracted and descriptively summarized the key data. Twenty-seven articles were included, 20 of which were based in a high-income setting. Most studies centered on the COVID-19 ( = 9) and HPV ( = 9) vaccines. Co-design yielded diverse interventions, with videos being the most common intervention format ( = 11). We observed substantial variations in the reporting style and terminology used within the studies and limited attempts to assess intervention effectiveness.