Natural anti-adhesive components against pathogenic bacterial adhesion and infection in gastrointestinal tract: case studies of , , , and diarrheagenic .

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global public health concern. Recognizing the critical role of bacterial adhesion in pathogenesis of infection, anti-adhesive therapy emerges as a promising approach to impede initial bacterial attachment, thus preventing pathogenic colonization and infection. Natural anti-adhesive agents derived from food sources are generally safe and have the potential to inhibit the emergence of resistant bacteria. This comprehensive review explored diverse natural dietary components exhibiting anti-adhesive activities against several model enteric pathogens, including , , , and three key diarrheagenic (i.e., enterotoxigenic , enteropathogenic , and enterohemorrhagic ). Investigating various anti-adhesive products will advance our understanding of current research of the field and inspire further development of these agents as potential nutraceuticals or adjuvants to improve the efficacy of conventional antibiotics.