Microbial Bacterioruberin: A Comprehensive Review.

Bacterioruberin (BR) is a fat-soluble, dipolar, reddish pigment predominantly found in halophilic archaea. BR is a rare C50 carotenoid from the xanthophyll family, and it has been extensively studied for its potent antioxidant properties, such as its ability to protect cells from oxidative stress. In addition, several studies have shown that BR-rich extracts and its derivatives exhibit significant antiviral, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects, making them ideal candidates for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against various diseases. Although it possesses remarkable biological properties, studies related to the regulatory aspects of biosynthesis, in vitro and in vivo studies of purified BR have been rare. However, investigations are needed to explore the potential application of BR in various industries. Additionally, optimization of the culture conditions of BR-producing haloarchaea could pave the way for their sustainable production and utilization. The current review provides comprehensive information on BR, which includes the sources of this compound and its bioproduction, extraction, stability, toxicity, and biological activities in relation to its commercial applications. This review also discusses the potential challenges and limitations associated with BR bioproduction and its utilization in various industries. In addition, this treatise highlights the need for further research to optimize production and extraction methods and explore avenues for novel applications of BR in various sectors, such as pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics.