The skin is the first line of defense to protect the host from external environmental damage. When the skin is damaged, the wound provides convenience for the invasion of external substances. The prolonged nonhealing of wounds can also lead to numerous subsequent complications, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. To solve this problem, proteins and peptide components that promote wound healing have been discovered in animals, which can act on key pathways involved in wound healing, such as the PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, NF-κ B, and JAK/STAT pathways. So far, some formulations for topical drug delivery have been developed, including hydrogels, microneedles, and electrospinning nanofibers. In addition, some high-performance dressings have been utilized, which also have great potential in wound healing. Here, research progress on the promotion of wound healing by animal-derived proteins and peptide components is summarized, and future research directions are discussed.