Kim Haneul, Kim Eunhye
Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Nov 29;25(23):12862. doi: 10.3390/ijms252312862.
Advances in three-dimensional culture technologies have facilitated the development of synthetic embryo models, such as blastoids, through the co-culturing of diverse stem cell types. These in vitro models enable precise investigation of developmental processes, including gastrulation, neurulation, and lineage specification, thereby advancing our understanding of early embryogenesis. By providing controllable, ethically viable platforms, they help circumvent the limitations of in vivo mammalian embryo studies and contribute to developing regenerative medicine strategies. Nonetheless, ethical challenges, particularly regarding human applications, persist. Comparative studies across various species-such as mice, humans, non-human primates, and ungulates, like pigs and cattle-offer crucial insights into both species-specific and conserved developmental mechanisms. In this review, we outline the species-specific differences in embryonic development and discuss recent advancements in stem cell and synthetic embryo models. Specifically, we focus on the latest stem cell research involving ungulates, such as pigs and cattle, and provide a comprehensive overview of the improvements in synthetic embryo technology. These insights contribute to our understanding of species-specific developmental biology, help improve model efficiency, and guide the development of new models.
三维培养技术的进步通过多种干细胞类型的共培养促进了合成胚胎模型（如囊胚样结构）的发展。这些体外模型能够精确研究发育过程，包括原肠胚形成、神经胚形成和细胞谱系特化，从而加深我们对早期胚胎发生的理解。通过提供可控的、符合伦理的平台，它们有助于克服体内哺乳动物胚胎研究的局限性，并为再生医学策略的发展做出贡献。尽管如此，伦理挑战依然存在，尤其是在人类应用方面。对小鼠、人类、非人类灵长类动物以及猪和牛等有蹄类动物等不同物种的比较研究，为物种特异性和保守的发育机制提供了关键见解。在这篇综述中，我们概述了胚胎发育中的物种特异性差异，并讨论了干细胞和合成胚胎模型的最新进展。具体而言，我们重点关注涉及猪和牛等有蹄类动物的最新干细胞研究，并全面概述合成胚胎技术的改进。这些见解有助于我们理解物种特异性发育生物学，有助于提高模型效率，并指导新模型的开发。
