Alternative Splicing in the Heart: The Therapeutic Potential of Regulating the Regulators.

Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce a variety of protein isoforms. Changes in splicing isoform usage characterize virtually every stage of the differentiation process and define the physiological differences between cardiomyocytes with different function, at different stages of development, and pathological function. Recent identification of cardiac splicing factors provided insights into the mechanisms underlying alternative splicing and revealed how these splicing factors impact functional properties of the heart. Alterations of the splicing of sarcomeric genes, cell signaling proteins, and ion channels have been associated with the development of pathological conditions such as cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. RBM20, RBM24, PTBP1, RBFOX, and QKI play key roles in cardiac development and pathology. A better understanding of their regulation will yield insights into healthy cardiac development and inform the development of molecular therapeutics.