Fecal microbiota transplants facilitate post-antibiotic recovery of gut microbiota in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).

Burgeoning study of host-associated microbiomes has accelerated the development of microbial therapies, including fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs). FMTs provide host-specific microbial supplementation, with applicability across host species. Studying FMTs can simultaneously provide comparative frameworks for understanding microbial therapies in diverse microbial systems and improve the health of managed wildlife. Ex-situ carnivores, including cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), often suffer from intractable gut infections similar to those treated with antibiotics and FMTs in humans, providing a valuable system for testing FMT efficacy. Using an experimental approach in 21 cheetahs, we tested whether autologous FMTs facilitated post-antibiotic recovery of gut microbiota. We used 16S rRNA sequencing and microbial source tracking to characterize antibiotic-induced microbial extirpations and signatures of FMT engraftment for single versus multiple FMTs. We found that antibiotics extirpated abundant bacteria and FMTs quickened post-antibiotic recovery via engraftment of bacteria that may facilitate protein digestion and butyrate production (Fusobacterium). Although multiple FMTs better sustained microbial recovery compared to a single FMT, one FMT improved recovery compared to antibiotics alone. This study elucidated the dynamics of microbiome modulation in a non-model system and improves foundations for reproducible, low-cost, low-dose, and minimally invasive FMT protocols, emphasizing the scientific and applied value of FMTs across species.