Antonio Jose, Brown Ann F, Candow Darren G, Chilibeck Philip D, Ellery Stacey J, Forbes Scott C, Gualano Bruno, Jagim Andrew R, Kerksick Chad, Kreider Richard B, Ostojic Sergej M, Rawson Eric S, Roberts Michael D, Roschel Hamilton, Smith-Ryan Abbie E, Stout Jeffrey R, Tarnopolsky Mark A, VanDusseldorp Trisha A, Willoughby Darryn S, Ziegenfuss Tim N
Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA.
University of Idaho, College of Education, Health and Human Sciences, Moscow, ID, USA.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2025 Dec;22(1):2441760. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2441760. Epub 2024 Dec 25.
Creatine monohydrate supplementation (CrM) is a safe and effective intervention for improving certain aspects of sport, exercise performance, and health across the lifespan. Despite its evidence-based pedigree, several questions and misconceptions about CrM remain. To initially address some of these concerns, our group published a narrative review in 2021 discussing the scientific evidence as to whether CrM leads to water retention and fat accumulation, is a steroid, causes hair loss, dehydration or muscle cramping, adversely affects renal and liver function, and if CrM is safe and/or effective for children, adolescents, biological females, and older adults. As a follow-up, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate additional questions and misconceptions about CrM. These include but are not limited to: 1. Can CrM provide muscle benefits without exercise? 2. Does the timing of CrM really matter? 3. Does the addition of other compounds with CrM enhance its effectiveness? 4. Does CrM and caffeine oppose each other? 5. Does CrM increase the rates of muscle protein synthesis or breakdown? 6. Is CrM an anti-inflammatory intervention? 7. Can CrM increase recovery following injury, surgery, and/or immobilization? 8. Does CrM cause cancer? 9. Will CrM increase urine production? 10. Does CrM influence blood pressure? 11. Is CrM safe to consume during pregnancy? 12. Does CrM enhance performance in adolescents? 13. Does CrM adversely affect male fertility? 14. Does the brain require a higher dose of CrM than skeletal muscle? 15. Can CrM attenuate symptoms of sleep deprivation? 16. Will CrM reduce the severity of and/or improve recovery from traumatic brain injury? Similar to our 2021 paper, an international team of creatine research experts was formed to perform a narrative review of the literature regarding CrM to formulate evidence-based responses to the aforementioned misconceptions involving CrM.
补充一水肌酸(CrM)是一种安全有效的干预措施,可改善一生中运动、锻炼表现和健康的某些方面。尽管有循证依据,但关于CrM仍存在一些问题和误解。为初步解决其中一些问题,我们团队在2021年发表了一篇叙述性综述,讨论了CrM是否会导致水分潴留和脂肪堆积、是否是类固醇、是否会导致脱发、脱水或肌肉痉挛、是否会对肾和肝功能产生不利影响,以及CrM对儿童、青少年、生物学女性和老年人是否安全和/或有效等科学证据。作为后续工作,本文的目的是评估关于CrM的其他问题和误解。这些问题包括但不限于:1. CrM不运动能对肌肉有益吗?2. CrM的服用时间真的重要吗?3. CrM与其他化合物一起添加会增强其效果吗?4. CrM和咖啡因会相互拮抗吗?5. CrM会提高肌肉蛋白质合成或分解的速率吗?6. CrM是一种抗炎干预措施吗?7. CrM能增加受伤、手术后和/或固定后的恢复速度吗?8. CrM会致癌吗?9. CrM会增加尿量吗?10. CrM会影响血压吗?11. 孕期服用CrM安全吗?12. CrM能提高青少年的表现吗?13. CrM会对男性生育能力产生不利影响吗?14. 大脑需要的CrM剂量比骨骼肌更高吗?15. CrM能减轻睡眠剥夺的症状吗?16. CrM会减轻创伤性脑损伤的严重程度和/或改善其恢复情况吗?与我们2021年的论文类似,组建了一个国际肌酸研究专家团队,对关于CrM的文献进行叙述性综述,以便对上述涉及CrM的误解形成基于证据的回应。