Deciphering the landscape and evolutionary trajectory of NLR immune receptors in Dioscorea alata.

Dioscorea alata, a key tuber crop for global food security, is threatened by anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. However, identification of functional resistance genes against C. gloeosporioides in D. alata is challenging due to low flowering and hybridization efficiency of this plant. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes constitute the largest group of plant disease resistance genes, from which functional genes against diverse pathogens across various crops have been cloned. In this study, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis identified 346 NLR genes from D. alata, including one RNL and 345 CNLs. These NLRs were unequally distributed on 20 chromosomes, with chromosome 3 harboring the highest number (78 NLR genes). The majority of NLR genes (91%) were located in multigene clusters, implying that tandem or proximal duplication was the primary driving force for NLR gene expansion in D. alata. Comparative analysis of Dioscoreaceae species revealed high variability and differential expansion patterns of NLR genes. In addition, transcriptome profiling of D. alata post-infection with C. gloeosporioides identified 12 differentially expressed NLR genes. In summary, this study sheds new light on the genetic architecture and evolutionary dynamics of D. alata NLR genes, offering valuable insights for cloning functional genes against C. gloeosporioides.